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. 2020 Aug 28;10:14237. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71012-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of the Portulaca oleracea complex based on climatic and morphometric variables via principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). (A,B) Variable contribution to each PC. The first two PCs explain 75% and 77% of the variance in A and B, respectively. The color scale indicates the relative variable contribution to each PC. (C,D) Groups of subspecies formed—the first two PCs harbor the most significant correlations to the variables. (E,F) HCA groups subspecies into clusters and values of approximately unbiased (AU) and bootstrap (BP) are presented in red and green, respectively (see Materials and methods section for details). Data for these analyses are presented in Tables S1 and S2. In (A,C,E), the following climatic variables were analyzed: latitude, longitutude, annual mean temperature (MeanTempY), mean diurnal range (MeanDiurnalR), isothermality (IsoTherm), temperature seasonality standard deviation (TempSeasonSD), max. temperature of warmest month (MTWM), min. temperature of coldest month (MTCM), temperature annual range (TempRangeY), mean temperature of wettest quarter (MTWeQ), mean temperature of driest quarter (MTDQ), mean temperature of warmest quarter (MTWaQ), mean temperature of coldest quarter (MTCQ), annual precipitation (PrecipY), precipitation of wettest month (PWM), precipitation of driest month (PDM), precipitation seasonality (PrecipS), precipitation of wettest quarter (PWeQ), precipitation of driest quarter (PDQ), precipitation of warmest quarter (PWaQ), precipitation of coldest quarter (PCQ).