TABLE 1.

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics

	Control Subjects (n = 146)	HFpEFno-AF (n = 181)	HFpEFparox-AF (n = 49)	HFpEFperm-AF (n = 48)	p Value
Age, yrs	56 ± 15*	66 ± 11*	71 ± 7	75 ± 6	<0.0001
Female	60	62	61	60	0.9
BMI, kg/m2	28.3 ± 5.6	33.8 ± 7.4†‡	32.9 ± 7.9†	30.7 ± 5.7	<0.0001
Hemoglobin, g/dl	12.9 ± 1.3*	12.3 ± 1.5	12.2 ± 1.5	11.8 ± 1.6	<0.0001
Diabetes	14	30	35	21	<0.0001
Hypertension	84	94	100	98	0.0001
COPD	8	12	12	10	0.7
Laboratories and chest radiography
NT-proBNP, pg/ml	69 (31–127)*	195 (68–557)*	613 (296–1,061)*	1,859 (969–3,051)*	<0.0001
Creatinine, mg/dl	0.9 ± 0.2*	1.1 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.4	<0.0001
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2	73 ± 18*	61 ± 17	58 ± 20	55 ± 20	<0.0001
Cardiomegaly	4	16	31	62	<0.0001
Lung congestion	0	3	4	19	<0.0001
Medication
Beta-blocker	29	51	47	75	<0.0001
ACE inhibitor or ARB	24	41	39	58	<0.0001
Diuretic	23	43	55	65	<0.0001
MRA	6	10	16	27	0.0008
Digoxin	2		2	23	<0.0001
Anticoagulation	5	7	33	75	<0.0001

Values are mean ± SD, %, or median (interquartile range). Correction for multiple hypothesis testing was not performed.

^*p < 0.05 vs. all by Tukey’s test.

^†p < 0.05 vs. control subjects by Tukey’s test.

^‡p < 0.05 vs. HFpEF_perm-AF by Tukey’s test.

ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF_no-AF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in sinus rhythm; HFpEF_parox-AF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; HFpEF_perm-AF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in permanent atrial fibrillation; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.