. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Sep 1;76(9):1051–1064. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.009

TABLE 2.

Cardiac Structure and Function

	Control Subjects (n = 146)	HFpEF_no-AF (n = 181)	HFpEF_parox-AF (n = 49)	HFpEF_perm-AF (n = 48)	p Value
LV structure and function
LA volume index, ml/m²	28 ± 8^*	33 ± 9^*	41 ±12^*	56 ± 15^*	<0.0001
LVEDD, mm	48 ± 5	48 ± 5	49 ± 6	49 ± 6	0.2
EF, %	63 ± 5	64 ± 6	62 ± 7	61 ± 6^†	0.005
LV mass index, g/m²	84 ± 19^*	90 ± 21	98 ± 26	97 ± 27	<0.0001
LV GLS, %	16 ± 3	16 ± 3	15 ± 3^‡	14 ± 4^†^‡	<0.0001
LV stiffness b, mm Hg/ml	0.42 ± 0.11	0.47 ± 0.15^‡	0.46 ± 0.14	0.47 ± 0.12^‡	0.009
E/e′	9 ± 4^*	13 ± 7	14 ± 6	16 ± 6^‡^§	<0.0001
Septal a′, cm/s	10 ± 2	9 ± 3	7 ± 3^*	–	<0.0001
RV structure and function
RV basal diameter	31 ± 6	32 ± 6	34 ± 6 ^†^‡	35 ± 8 ^†^‡	<0.0001
RV mid diameter	24 ± 5	25 ± 6	26 ± 6	27 ± 7^‡	0.02
RV dilation^∥	11	22	30	66	<0.0001
RV diastolic area, cm²	13.1 ± 4.1	13.7 ± 4.0	14.8 ± 3.9	15.0 ± 5.3	0.04
RV systolic area, cm²	6.3 ± 2.3	6.8 ± 2.7	7.6 ± 3.0	8.9 ± 4.5^†^‡	<0.0001
RV FAC, %	53 ± 6	51 ± 8	49 ± 9	43 ± 11^*	<0.0001
TAPSE, mm	23 ± 6	23 ± 6	19 ± 7	17 ± 4^†^‡	0.0001
TV s′, cm/s	14 ± 3	13 ± 3	13 ± 3	11 ± 2^†^‡	0.0002
Ventriculoatrial remodeling and interdependence
Total heart volume, ml	664 ± 216^*	857 ± 251	901 ± 235	1212 ± 400^*	<0.0001
Biatrial volume, ml	158 ± 72^*	255 ±128	311 ± 125	658 ± 291^*	<0.0001
Biventricular volume, ml	506 ±198	602 ±190^‡	590 ± 223	555 ±196	0.02
Biatrial volume/total heart volume, %	25 ± 10^*	30 ± 10^*	35 ± 13^*	53 ± 11^*	<0.0001
Eccentricity index diastole	0.97 ± 0.09	1.02 ± 0.12#	1.00 ± 0.13	1.03 ± 0.13^‡	0.004
Eccentricity index systole	0.97 ± 0.11	1.03 ± 0.12#	1.00 ± 0.09	1.08 ± 0.23^‡^§	<0.0001
Ideal radius index diastole	1.04 ± 0.24	1.16 ± 0.29^‡	1.11 ± 0.22	1.18 ± 0.31^‡	0.009
Ideal radius index systole	1.06 ± 0.28	1.14 ± 0.31	1.08 ± 0.22	1.22 ± 0.54^‡	0.05

Values are mean ± SD or %. Correction for multiple hypothesis testing was not performed.

p < 0.05 vs. all by Tukey’s test.

^†

p < 0.05 vs. HFpEF_no-AF by Tukey’s test.

^‡

p < 0.05 vs. control subjects by Tukey’s test.

^§

p < 0.05 vs. HFpEF_parox-AF by Tukey’s test.

^∥

Based on qualitative assessment.

a′ = •••; E/e′ = •••; FAC = fractional area change; GLS = global longitudinal strain; LA = left atrial; LV = left ventricular; LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; RV = right ventricular; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; s′ = •••; TV = tricuspid valve; other abbreviations as in Table 1.