Table 3.

Positive and negative influence of reactive astrogliosis.

Positive effects	References
Limits leukocyte infiltration, repairs the blood–brain barrier	[122, 125–127]
Uptakes excess glutamate and prevents chronic glutamate neurotoxicity	[124, 128]
Promotes neuronal survival as well as axonal regeneration	[28, 129, 130]
Alleviates neurodegenerative disease	[131, 132]
Maintains the brain's excitation/inhibition balance, prevents the development of epileptic seizures	[133]
Negative effects	References
Limits axonal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI	[112, 134–136]
Contributes to the development and persistence of chronic pain	[137, 138]
Inhibits differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells	[117–120]
Fosters brain metastases via STAT3 signaling	[139]