Table 4. Adjusted Relative Risk of Multiple Measures of Clinically Significant Behavioral Subgroups of ADHD Behaviors Associated With a 2-Fold Increase in Urinary Biomarker Concentrations in New Bedford Cohort Adolescents (Sample Size From 164 to 190)a,b.
| Chemical biomarker | Adjusted relative risk | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Combined ADHD measures | Attention problemsc | Hyperactivity problemsd | |
| ΣAntiandrogenic phthalatese | 1.34 (1.00-1.79) | 1.26 (0.87-1.83) | 1.40 (1.07-1.84) |
| ΣDEHPf | 1.29 (1.07-1.55) | 1.29 (1.03-1.60) | 1.27 (1.06-1.52) |
| ΣPersonal care productsg | 1.16 (0.98-1.37) | 1.06 (0.85-1.32) | 1.25 (1.07-1.47) |
| ΣParabensh | 1.06 (0.96-1.18) | 1.06 (0.93-1.21) | 1.06 (0.95-1.18) |
| ΣBisphenolsi | 1.09 (0.91-1.31) | 1.08 (0.87-1.33) | 1.04 (0.84-1.29) |
| ΣDichlorophenolsj | 1.15 (1.01-1.32) | 1.05 (0.90-1.23) | 1.22 (1.04-1.42) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition; CADS, Conners Attention Deficit Scale; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
Adjusted for child: sex, mean test age (across teacher-reported, parent-reported, and self-reported BASC and CADS measures), and urine specific gravity; maternal characteristics at delivery: age, income, marital status, smoking, and educational level; and test indicator.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–related behavior measures include CADS parent-reported and teacher-reported inattention, hyperactivity, and ADHD; BASC-2 parent-reported, teacher-reported, and self-reported hyperactivity and inattention; and BASC-2 parent-reported and teacher-reported executive function. Significant behavior problem: scale T-score dichotomized at the 98th percentile.
Attention problems subset includes CADS teacher-reported and parent-reported inattention and BASC-2 teacher-reported, parent-reported, and self-reported inattention.
Hyperactivity subset includes CADS teacher-reported and parent-reported hyperactive behavior and BASC-2 teacher-reported, parent-reported, and self-reported hyperactive behavior.
Sum of MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCOP, MHiBP, MHBP, and MNP (full chemical names in Table 1).
Sum of MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MEHP (full chemical names in Table 1).
Sum of MBP, MHBP, MEP, MiBP, and MHiBP (full chemical names in Table 1).
Sum of butyl, ethyl, methyl, and propyl parabens.
Sum of BPA, BPF, and BPS (full chemical names in Table 1).
Sum of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol.