Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with anxiety

	Univariate1	Univariate (unadjusted)2			Multivariate (adjusted)3
	Sig.	RR Ratio	Confidence Interval	Sig.	RR Ratio	Confidence Interval	Sig.
Methods of coping with stress and anxiety related to the outbreak (selected vs not selected)
No coping needed	<0.01	0.35	0.28–0.44	<0.01	0.4	0.3–0.53	<0.01⁎
Talking with friends	<0.01	1.19	1.1–1.29	<0.01	1.02	0.93–1.12	0.62
Spending time with family	<0.01	1.25	1.13–1.39	<0.01	1.04	0.92–1.18	0.51
Television	<0.01	1.14	1.01–1.28	0.03	0.98	0.89–1.08	0.69
Anticipated effect on clinical practice 1 year from now (selected vs not selected)
No change	<0.01	0.83	0.71–0.97	0.02	0.96	0.84–1.1	0.58
Increased usage of PPE	0.01	1.13	1.01–1.26	0.03	1.04	0.96–1.12	0.35
Have patients reschedule if they feel sick	0.04	1.13	1.02–1.24	0.02	1.09	1–1.18	0.06
Perception of your medical center's ability to handle future public health concerns
Negatively impacted vs no impact	<0.01	1.27	1.17–1.38	<0.01	1.06	0.96–1.17	0.26
Positively impacted vs no impact		1.02	0.92–1.13	0.68	1.06	0.97–1.15	0.19
Gender
Female vs male	<0.01	1.23	1.08–1.4	<0.01	1.11	1.01–1.23	0.04
Likert scale: I feel adequately equipped with knowledge for interpreting COVID-19 imaging (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)
2 vs 1	<0.01	1.14	0.85–1.53	0.4	1.3	1.05–1.62	0.02
3 vs 1		1.01	0.78–1.32	0.91	1.22	0.96–1.53	0.1
4 vs 1		0.97	0.7–1.36	0.88	1.26	0.96–1.66	0.09
5 vs 1		0.84	0.63–1.11	0.21	1.11	0.86–1.44	0.41
My medical center has adequate personal protective equipment for patients (yes, no, I don't know)
I don't know vs no	0.01	0.88	0.79–0.97	0.01	0.96	0.85–1.09	0.52
Yes vs no		0.8	0.73–0.89	<0.01	0.9	0.81–0.99	0.04
My medical center has adequate personal protective equipment for staff (Yes, No, I don't know)
I don't know vs no	0.02	0.82	0.71–0.96	0.01	0.86	0.7–1.06	0.16
Yes vs no		0.83	0.77–0.9	<0.01	1.01	0.9–1.14	0.83
Main setting of practice (selected vs not selected)
Teleradiology	<0.01	0.76	0.62–0.94	<0.01	0.87	0.73–1.04	0.13
Likert scale: My medical center has adequate strategies in place to control the spread of COVID-19 (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)
2 vs 1	<0.01	1.02	0.85–1.21	0.87	1.04	0.91–1.18	0.57
3 vs 1		0.91	0.79–1.06	0.22	1.01	0.85–1.21	0.89
4 vs 1		0.82	0.68–0.98	0.03	0.95	0.79–1.15	0.6
5 vs 1		0.71	0.59–0.85	<0.01	0.95	0.77–1.18	0.65
Top 3 stressors in relation to the outbreak (selected vs not selected)
Personal health	<0.01	0.48	0.38–0.59	<0.01	1.23	1.13–1.34	<0.01⁎
Family health	<0.01	0.59	0.49–0.72	<0.01	1.06	0.96–1.17	0.27
Ability of my hospital/department to manage the outbreak	<0.01	1.19	1.1–1.29	<0.01	1.1	1.03–1.18	<0.01⁎
Suspension of non-essential activities	<0.01	0.73	0.62–0.85	<0.01	0.82	0.72–0.94	<0.01⁎
Clinical work directly related to COVID-19	0.03	1.14	1.04–1.24	<0.01	1.02	0.95–1.09	0.59
Likert scale: My medical center is prepared for surge potential and increased imaging demand (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)
2 vs 1	<0.01	0.9	0.75–1.1	0.3	1.01	0.87–1.16	0.91
3 vs 1		0.91	0.79–1.06	0.22	1.05	0.92–1.2	0.44
4 vs 1		0.82	0.69–0.96	0.02	1.04	0.87–1.24	0.67
5 vs 1		0.69	0.59–0.8	<0.01	0.96	0.77–1.19	0.69
Likert scale: My medical center has successfully implemented teleradiology (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)
2 vs 1	<0.01	1.09	0.94–1.28	0.25	1.11	0.99–1.25	0.08
3 vs 1		0.93	0.8–1.09	0.37	1.02	0.92–1.13	0.66
4 vs 1		1.02	0.9–1.17	0.72	1.08	0.97–1.21	0.16
5 vs 1		0.85	0.73–0.99	0.03	1.06	0.95–1.18	0.33
Do you have easy access to COVID-19 testing?
I don't know vs no	0.01	1.02	0.91–1.13	0.76	1.07	0.99–1.15	0.1
Yes vs no		0.89	0.8–1	0.06	0.95	0.86–1.04	0.24
COVID-19 cumulative cases by State
Standardized COVID-19 count/100		1.15	1.07–1.23	<0.01	1.11	1.02–1.21	0.01

^⁎These covariates were significant using a cut-off p-value of <0.01.

¹P value from descriptive statistics without considering the hierarchical data structure of radiologists clustered by state.

²Unadjusted: from univariate hierarchical model.

³Adjusted: from multivariate hierarchical model.