Table 2.
Demographics, clinical features, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19
| Variable | Number of patients affected | Total number of patients | Pooled percentage % (95% CI)* | Heterogeneity (I2) % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Age in years (median, range) | 52.5 (41–70) | 12,247 | – | – |
| Female | 5042 | 12,247 | 42.6 (40.4–44.8) | 66.6 |
| Males | 7198 | 12,247 | 57.3 (55.1–59.4) | 66.4 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Headache | 306 | 2738 | 10.7 (7.9–14.3) | 79.1 |
| Fever | 5172 | 9563 | 85.6 (73.6–92.7) | 98.8 |
| Cough | 2464 | 3863 | 64.7 (57.4–71.4) | 93.7 |
| Diarrhea | 400 | 3428 | 9.4 (6.2–14.1) | 92.2 |
| Dyspnea | 1259 | 3629 | 32 (23.9–41.3) | 95.8 |
| Hemoptysis | 29 | 1804 | 2.1 (1.1–3.9) | 56.8 |
| Myalgia/fatigue | 1848 | 3813 | 43.3 (35.8–51.2)a | 94.5 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 265 | 3258 | 7 (4.4–10.8) | 90.6 |
| Sore throat | 192 | 1344 | 17.3 (9.1–30.3) | 85.9 |
| Nasal congestion/rhinorrhea | 50 | 1082 | 7.5 (3.1–17.4) | 88.1 |
| Sputum production | 968 | 2846 | 33.4 (29.1–38.1) | 79.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Smoker | 3003 | 8410 | 8.9 (4.2–17.9) | 98.8 |
| Diabetes | 2897 | 11,680 | 15.4 (12–19.4) | 95.8 |
| Hypertension | 4858 | 11,626 | 28.2 (22.1–35.1) | 97.8 |
| Malignancy | 578 | 11,486 | 4 (3.1–5.2) | 76.6 |
| Pulmonary disease | 1371 | 11,402 | 5.5 (3.8–7.7) | 94.1 |
| Chronic liver disease | 116 | 8830 | 3 (1.4–6.1) | 92.6 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 244 | 4987 | 4.4 (2.9–6.5) | 83.6 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2044 | 11,664 | 12.2 (8.9–16.6) | 96.8 |
| Complications | ||||
| Pneumonia | 1518 | 2113 | 68.1 (38.8–87.8)b | 98.3 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 470 | 2518 | 29.9 (18.5–44.7)c | 96.6 |
| Septic shock | 68 | 1920 | 3.6 (0.9–13.8) | 96.1 |
| Secondary infection | 218 | 1187 | 13.8 (5.8–29.3) | 96.1 |
| Cardiac complications | 357 | 1246 | 22.3 (12.8–36.1) | 95.1 |
| Others | 268 | 2180 | 21.2 (7.4–47.6) | 97.9 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Discharged/recovery | 3906 | 11,083 | 36.6 (28.9–44.9)d | 97.6 |
| ICU | 2038 | 10,230 | 18.8 (14.7–23.8) | 92.5 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 1789 | 8804 | 23.3 (17.1–30.9) | 95.6 |
| Mortality | 1267 | 11,252 | 13 (9.3–18) | 95.6 |
For the accuracy of the epidemiological characteristics, we have considered all the studies (n = 29) mentioning COVID-19 epidemiology with or without outcomes
*Statistically significant at p = < 0.001 except (a) p = 0.096, (b) p = 0.009, (c) p = 0.009, and (d) p = 0.002