FIGURE 3.

Major dimensions and research settings of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) reported in 239 articles assessing DBM¹. ¹Many articles included multiple definitions of DBM; circle diameter is proportional to the number of articles in which the DBM characteristic was observed. ²Forms of malnutrition, level of assessment, and target population subgroups were classified per the original article's definition, indicator, and/or cutoff value (e.g., overweight/obesity was classified by the specified BMI range, and anemia was classified by the specified hemoglobin concentration). ³“Other” forms of malnutrition included: OW/OB paired with stunting and/or wasting; OW/OB paired with “chronic energy deficiency”; low HDL cholesterol paired with underweight; metabolic syndrome (MetS) paired with anemia; cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs; i.e., dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and/or OW/OB) paired with underweight or micronutrient deficiencies; CMRFs or MetS paired with anemia, iron depletion, or vitamin A deficiency; macrosomia paired with low birth weight; OW/OB paired with low upper-arm circumference or low triceps skinfold measurements; and OW/OB paired with food insecurity. ⁴World Bank classifications (27). DBM; double burden of malnutrition; MN, micronutrient; OW/OB, overweight/obesity; PSC, preschool age children; TWU, thinness/wasting/underweight; WRA, women of reproductive age.