TABLE 1.
General characteristics of articles included in the systematic review of operational definitions of the double burden of malnutrition1
| Characteristics | Number (n = 239) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Literature type | ||
| Peer-reviewed journal article | 231 | 97 |
| Gray literature report | 8 | 3 |
| Study design | ||
| Population-based survey, national | 100 | 42 |
| Population-based survey, regional | 41 | 17 |
| Convenience sample survey | 74 | 31 |
| Baseline RCT or cohort study | 3 | 1 |
| Other | 21 | 9 |
| Data source | ||
| Demographic and Health Surveys | 36 | 15 |
| National nutrition survey | 29 | 12 |
| Other survey/study design | 174 | 73 |
| Survey setting | ||
| Both urban and rural | 153 | 64 |
| Urban only | 340 | 14 |
| Rural only | 21 | 9 |
| Unspecified | 31 | 13 |
| Sex of survey participants | ||
| Both | 188 | 79 |
| Female | 51 | 21 |
| Male | 0 | 0 |
| Physiological status of women | ||
| Not pregnant | 124 | 52 |
| Pregnant | 2 | 1 |
| Both | 8 | 3 |
| Unspecified | 105 | 44 |
| Age group2 | ||
| Multiple age groups3 | 142 | 59 |
| Preschool (∼0–5 y) | 19 | 8 |
| School age (∼5–12 y) | 16 | 7 |
| Adolescent (∼13–18 y) | 15 | 6 |
| Adult (∼18+ y) | 45 | 19 |
| Unspecified | 1 | 1 |
| DBM terminology | ||
| Double burden | 114 | 48 |
| Dual burden | 54 | 23 |
| Both double and dual burden | 29 | 12 |
| Coexistence | 21 | 9 |
| Other term4 | 5 | 2 |
| Unspecified | 16 | 7 |
1
DBM, double burden of malnutrition; RCT, randomized controlled trial.
2
Age groups of study participants are categorized by approximation according to how the original article defined the study population, i.e., the school-age children group can extend to age 13 or 14 y, and adolescence can begin at age 10 or 11 y.
3
“Multiple” age groups is defined as combinations of ≥2 of the predefined age groups, such as adults and preschool age children.
4
Other terms for DBM identified were: “simultaneous,” “concomitant,” “concurrent,” “overlap,” “twin burden,” and “triple burden.”