TABLE 2.
Frequency of occurrence (n = 623) of forms of malnutrition characterizing the double burden of malnutrition by level of assessment1
| Level of assessment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form of malnutrition | Total | Population | Household | Dyad | Individual |
| Coexisting OW/OB and TWU | 289 (46) | 261 (42) | 7 (1) | 21 (3) | n/a |
| OW/OB and stunting | 161 (26) | 110 (17) | 10 (2) | 17 (3) | 24 (4) |
| OW/OB and anemia | 74 (12) | 48 (8) | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | 25 (4) |
| OW/OB and MN deficiency | 73 (12) | 55 (9) | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | 17 (3) |
| Other2 | 26 (4) | 13 (2) | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 11 (2) |
| Total | 623 (100) | 487 (78) | 20 (3) | 39 (6) | 77 (13) |
Total values presented as n (%) where n = 623, or the total number of occurrences of all DBM operational definitions identified within the 239 included articles. DBM, double burden of malnutrition; MN, micronutrient; n/a, not applicable; OW/OB, overweight/obesity; TWU, thinness/wasting/underweight.
“Other” operational DBM definitions included: OW/OB paired with stunting and/or wasting; OW/OB paired with “chronic energy deficiency”; low HDL cholesterol paired with underweight; metabolic syndrome (MetS) paired with anemia; cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs; i.e., dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and/or OW/OB) paired with underweight or micronutrient deficiencies; CMRFs or MetS paired with anemia, iron depletion, or vitamin A deficiency; macrosomia paired with low birth weight; OW/OB paired with low upper-arm circumference or low triceps skinfold measurements; and OW/OB paired with food insecurity.