Table 3.

Metabolomic Signatures of Psoriasis

Metabolite	Expression Pattern	Tissue Type	Method	Ref
Arachidonic acid, 12-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid)	Higher/higher	chronic plaque psoriasis skin	GC-MS	57
α-ketoglutaric acid, asparagine, glutamine, glucuronic acid	Higher/lower/lower/higher	Psoriatic patient serum	GC-TOF-MS	58
Threonine, ornithine, and methionine	Lower/lower/lower	Plasma from mild or severe psoriasis	LC-MS	59
Glucose, myo-inositol, taurine, choline	Higher/higher/lower/lower	Lesional psoriatic skin	MR spectroscopy	60
Homocysteine, ADMA, citrulline	Higher/higher/lower	chronic plaque psoriasis blood	HPLC–MS	61
Choline, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, lactic acid, urocanic acid, citrulline	Higher/higher/higher/lower/lower/lower	Lesional psoriatic skin	nano-DESI MS	62
Crotonic acid, azelaic acid, ethanolamine, and cholesterol	Lower/lower/ lower/lower	Psoriatic patients’ serum	GC-MS	63
citrate, alanine, methylsuccinate, trigonelline, carnitine, and hippurate	lower	Psoriatic patients’ urine	NMR	64
tetranor-12(S)-HETE,12(S)-HETE	Higher/lower	Psoriatic patients’ urine	HPLC–MS-MS	65

Abbreviations: GC-MS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry; GC-TOF-MS, gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry; LC-MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; MR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; HPLC-MS, high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; nano-DESI MS, nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.