Table 3.
Results of Lagged Probit Model for Smoking Initiation.
| All Schools | School 1 | School 2 | School 3 | School 4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1,425) | (n = 449) | (n = 288) | (n = 371) | (n = 317) | ||||||
| Variable | PE | ME | PE | ME | PE | ME | PE | ME | PE | ME |
| Lagged exposure to friend smoking | 1.06** (.32) | .16** (.05) | 1.42* (.60) | .20* (.09) | .54 (.84) | .09 (.14) | .76 (.83) | .10 (.11) | 1.53* (.73) | .28* (.14) |
| Covariats | ||||||||||
| Female | −.13* (.06) | −.02* (.01) | .03 (.16) | .00 (.02) | −.19 (.18) | −.03 (.03) | −.12 (.16) | −.01 (.02) | −.29† (.17) | −.05† (.03) |
| Hispanic | .10* (.04) | .02* (.01) | −.02 (.22) | −.00 (.03) | .18 (.49) | .03 (.08) | .14 (.19) | .02 (.02) | .13 (.51) | .02 (.09) |
| Grades | −.29** (.06) | −.04** (.01) | −.45** (.11) | −.06** (.02) | −.29* (.14) | −.05* (.02) | −.28** (.11) | −.03** (.01) | −.20† (.11) | −.04† (.02) |
| Own home | −.03 (.05) | −.00 (.01) | −.00 (.16) | −.00 (.02) | −.27 (.25) | −.05 (.04) | .03 (.17) | .00 (.02) | .01 (.17) | .00 (.03) |
| Free lunch | .01 (.15) | .00 (.02) | .26 (.27) | .04 (.04) | −.88† (.53) | −.15† (.09) | −.15 (.22) | −.02 (.03) | .18 (.35) | .03 (.07) |
| Parent smoking | .13 (.10) | .02 (.02) | .25 (.16) | .04 (.02) | .08 (.20) | .01 (.03) | .31† (.16) | .04† (.02) | −.14 (.18) | –.03 (.03) |
| Sibling smoking | .38** (.03) | .06** (.00) | .32† (.18) | .05† (.03) | .41† (.22) | .07† (.04) | .41* (.18) | .05* (.02) | .40* (.19) | .07* (.03) |
| Constant | −.60** (.20) | −.32 (.54) | .53 (.97) | −.84 (.53) | −.97 (.82) | |||||
| Events | 195 | 56 | 40 | 47 | 52 | |||||
Note: Standard errors in parentheses: Robust standard errors are reported with PE, and standard errors estimated using the Delta-method are reported with the ME. Year fixed effects included but not reported. Survey data were collected from four high schools in one Los Angeles neighborhood from 2010 to 2013. ME = average marginal effect; PE = parameter estimate.
†
p < .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01.