TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of younger and older children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and controls
| Variables | Younger Children |
Older Children |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWS (n = 21) | Controls (n = 17) | P valuec | PWS (n = 14) | Controls (n = 14) | P valuec | |
| Age (months) | 15.5 (10.7, 31.9)a | 27.3 (10.4, 45.6)a | 0.82 | - | - | - |
| Age (years) | - | - | - | 11.4 (7.1, 14.9) | 12.0 (10.3, 14.6) | 0.38 |
| Sex | 12 male, 9 female | 8 male, 9 female | NS | 9 male, 5 female | 6 male, 8 female | NS |
| PWS subtype | ||||||
| Deletion | 11 (52.4%) | - | - | 9 (64.3%) | - | - |
| UPD | 9 (42.9%) | - | - | 4 (28.6%) | - | - |
| Undeterminedd | 1 (4.7%) | - | - | 1 (7.1%) | - | - |
| GH treatment | 18 (85.7%) | - | - | 9 (64.3%) | - | - |
| Weight for age z score | −0.99 (−1.71, 0.98) | 0.16 (−0.46, 0.94) | 0.09 | 2.2 (1.5, 2.6) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.7) | 0.87 |
| Obestatin (pg/mL) | 2691.0 (2049.5, 4288.0)b | 2101.0 (1915.0, 2464.5)b | 0.04 | 3350.0 (2979.3, 3765.0)b | 3510.0 (3003.0, 4185.8)b | 0.75 |
| Adropin (ng/mL) | 3.50 (2.63, 5.23)b | 2.57 (2.13, 3.25)b | 0.05 | 2.69 (2.26, 4.56)b | 1.93 (1.40, 3.00)b | 0.04 |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 2190.0 (1593.5, 3283.5)a | 1980.0 (1644.6, 2240.5)a | 0.06 | 1468.5 (1133.4, 1659.1) | 836.7 (712.9, 918.6) | <0.0005 |
| Ghrelin:Obestatin | 0.91 (0.38, 1.28)a | 0.91 (0.63, 1.09)a | 0.66 | 0.40 (0.33, 0.49)a | 0.23 (0.18, 0.31)a | <0.0005 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 6.29 (3.50, 7.09)a | 3.47 (2.64, 5.13)a | 0.01 | 31.45 (12.78, 48.84) | 32.24 (14.92, 54.71) | 0.86 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 7.66 (6.29, 10.20)a | 5.94 (4.45, 7.36)a | 0.01 | 13.49 (10.02, 29.48) | 23.20 (17.08, 35.50) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.20 (76.40, 88.80)a | 81.00 (77.80, 85.00)a | 0.99 | 87.75 (80.88, 101.69) | 94.88 (88.25, 99.56) | 0.52 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.60 (1.29, 2.13)a | 1.15 (0.93, 1.56)a | 0.03 | 3.20 (2.38, 5.80)a | 5.11 (4.10, 8.92)a | 0.02 |
Abbreviations: GH: growth hormone; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; NS: not significant; PWS: Prader-Willi syndrome; UPD: uniparental disomy.
Data are presented as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). Statistically significant differences are in bold type (P ≤ 0.05).
Variables were transformed logarithmically for statistical analysis but present here as raw values.
Variables were transformed using inverse transformation for statistical analysis but present here as raw values.
P values determined using independent t test.
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) confirmed by methylation testing only (undetermined genetic subtype).