Table 1.
Population characteristics of COVID-19-positive versus -negative groups, subdivided by serum vitamin D concentrations
| Population sample characteristics | ||||||
| COVID-19-positive (N=70) | P value | |||||
| Demographics | Vitamin D ≤30 nmol/L (N=39) | Vitamin D >30 nmol/L (N=31) | COVID-19-negative (N=35) | COVID-19-positive vit D ≤30 nmol/L vs >30 nmol/L | COVID-19-positive versus COVID-19-egative | |
| Mean age (SD) | 79.46 (±9.52) | 81.16 (7.23) | 83.44 (±8.08) | 0.41 | 0.064 | |
| Male:female | 24:15 | 18:13 | 15:20 | 0.77 | 0.075 | |
| Rockwood Clinical Frailty Score Median (IQR) | 6 (6–7) | 5 (5–6) | 5 (5–6) | 0.1 | 0.66 | |
| Median body mass index (IQR) | 25 (23–32) | 24 (20–27) | 25 (22–29) | 0.14 | 0.75 | |
| Smoking status (%) | Current smoker | 1 (2.56) | 5 (16.13) | 4 (11.43) | 0.14 | 0.65 |
| Ex-smoker | 12 (30.77) | 11 (35.48) | 15 (42.86) | 0.66 | 0.13 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | Caucasian | 29 (74.36) | 21 (67.74) | 30 (85.71) | 0.51* | 0.27* |
| South Asian | 8 (20.51) | 10 (32.36) | 3 (8.57) | |||
| East Asian | 2 (5.13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Afro-Caribbean | 0 (0) | 1 (3.26) | 3 (8.57) | |||
| Comorbidities | N (%) | P value | ||||
| Vitamin D ≤30 nmol/L (N=39) | Vitamin D >30 nmol/L (N=31) | COVID-19-negative (N=35) | COVID-19-positive vit D ≤30 nmol/L vs >30 nmol/L | COVID-19-positive versus COVID-19-negative | ||
| Hypertension | 18 (46.15) | 16 (51.61) | 20 (55.56) | 0.65 | 0.41 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 (43.59) | 9 (29.03) | 8 (22.22) | 0.21 | 0.14 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 7 (17.95) | 8 (25.81) | 11 (30.56) | 0.43 | 0.27 | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 6 (15.38) | 7 (22.58) | 4 (11.11) | 0.44 | 0.35 | |
| Heart failure | 6 (15.38) | 6 (19.35) | 5 (13.89) | 0.66 | 0.71 | |
| Stroke | 6 (15.38) | 3 (9.68) | 3 (8.33) | 0.48 | 0.52 | |
| Dementia | 4 (10.26) | 2 (6.45) | 1 (2.78) | 0.58 | 0.29 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (25.64) | 6 (19.35) | 6 (16.67) | 0.53 | 0.5 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6 (15.38) | 8 (25.81) | 8 (22.22) | 0.28 | 0.73 | |
| Cancer | 2 (5.13) | 1 (3.23) | 2 (5.56) | 0.7 | 0.75 | |
| Endocrinological disease | 1 (7.69) | 2 (6.45) | 2 (5.56) | 0.44 | 0.75 | |
| Median value (IQR) | P value | |||||
| Vitamin D ≤30 nmol/L (N=39) | Vitamin D >30 nmol/L (N=31) | COVID-19-negative (N=35) | COVID-19-positive vit D ≤30 nmol/L vs >30 nmol/L | COVID-19-positive versus COVID-19-negative | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 5 (3–6) | 4 (4–5) | 4 (4–6) | 0.81 | 0.76 | |
| COVID-19-positive (N=70) | COVID-19-negative (N=35 | Difference | P value | |||
| Vitamin D concentration (nmol/L) | 27.00 (20.00–47.00) | 52.00 (31.50–71.50) | 25 | 0.0008 | ||
*
P value for ethnicities calculated by comparing the number of Caucasian patients to all other ethnic groups.
vit, vitamin.