Table 2.
Risk factors analyses for morbidity associated with urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis upon detection of microhematuria and faecal occult blood, respectively
| Prevalence (%) [95% CI] | Microhematuria | Faecal occult blood (FOB) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31.5 [27.5–35.5] | 16.2 [11.0–21.4] | ||||
| Sample size | n = 520 | n = 191α | |||
| Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value] | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value] | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value] | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value] | ||
| Urine-CCA testβ | Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive |
2.0 (1.4–3.0) [< 0.01] |
1.2 (0.6–2.6) [0.61] |
12.9 (4.3–38.7) [< 0.01] |
9.2 (3.0–28.6) [< 0.01] |
|
| Ova-patent intestinal schistosomiasis (Kato-Katz) | Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive |
2.2 (1.0–4.7) [0.06] |
3.0 (1.0–8.6) [0.04] |
11.4 (3.9–33.3) [< 0.01] |
6.7 (2.0–22.6) [< 0.01] |
|
| Ova-patent urogenital schistosomiasis (urine filtration) | Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive |
42.1 (23.2–76.5) [< 0.01] |
47.9 (22.6–101.5) [< 0.01] |
1.6 (0.7–3.8) [0.25] |
1.5 (0.5–4.9) [0.49] |
|
| Praziquantel treatment in last 12 months | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes |
0.7 (0.5–1.1) [0.16] |
0.7 (0.3–1.8) [0.45] |
0.5 (0.2–1.3) [0.16] |
0.8 (0.3–2.3) [0.65] |
|
| Gender | Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female |
1.0 (0.7–1.4) [0.85] |
0.9 (0.5–1.8) [0.82] |
1.1 (0.5–2.3) [1.00] |
1.0 (0.4–2.4) [0.97] |
|
| Age (years) | 6–10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 11–15 |
0.9 (0.6–1.4) [0.71] |
1.2 (0.6–2.3) [0.63] |
1.1 (0.507–2.4) [0.81] |
0.9 (0.3–2.3) [0.78] |
|
α all total of 200 FOB tests were available being used at Samama, Mchoka and MOET schools;
β a trace result was considered here as not infected, only + ve urine CCA-dipstick scorings were considered infected; our conservative approach was based upon correlates of urine CCA-dipsticks and duplicate Kato-Katz comparisons, with ova-patent prevalence of S. mansoni being ≥ 20%, see Bärenbold et al. [12]