Table 1.
Comorbidities between different groups of disorders: 1. Severe mental disorders (SMI) including psychosis, major depression (MD) and bipolar disorders; 2. Personality disorders (PD) including borderline personality disorders (BPD) and antisocial personality disorders (APD); 3. Substance use disorders (SUD), including alcohol and drug use disorders.
| Groups of disorders | Total(n = 427) | Male(n = 229) | Female(n = 198) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |
| SMI | 251 | 58.8 | 54.0–63.4 | 143 | 62.4 | 55.9-68.5 | 108 | 54.4 | 47.5-61.4 |
| Psychosis | 68 | 15.9 | 12.7-19.7 | 51 | 22.3 | 17.3-28.2 | 17 | 8.6 | 5.4-13.4 |
| MD | 233 | 54.6 | 49.8-59.3 | 137 | 59.8 | 53.3-66.0 | 96 | 48.5 | 41.5-55.5 |
| PD | 231 | 54.1 | 49.3-58.8 | 163 | 71.2 | 64.9-76.7 | 68 | 34.3 | 28.0-41.3 |
| BPD | 216 | 50.6 | 45.7–55.3 | 154 | 67.2 | 61.1–73.8 | 62 | 31.3 | 24.8–38.4 |
| APD | 126 | 29.5 | 25.3–34.0 | 91 | 41.9 | 35.4–48.0 | 30 | 15.2 | 10.1–20.2 |
| SUD | 237 | 55.5 | 50.7-60.2 | 173 | 75.6 | 69.5-80.7 | 64 | 32.3 | 26.1-39.2 |
| Comorbidities between groups of disorders | |||||||||
| SMI and PD | 178 | 41.7 | 37.1–46.4 | 124 | 54.1 | 47.6–60.5 | 54 | 27.3 | 21.5–34.0 |
| Psychosis and PD | 62 | 14.5 | 11.5–18.2 | 49 | 21.4 | 16.5–27.2 | 13 | 6.6 | 3.8–11.0 |
| MD and PD | 167 | 39.1 | 34.6–43.8 | 119 | 52.0 | 45.4–58.4 | 48 | 24.2 | 18.7–30.8 |
| SMI and SUD | 168 | 39.3 | 34.8–44.1 | 120 | 52.4 | 45.9–58.8 | 48 | 24.2 | 18.7–30.8 |
| Psychosis and SUD | 59 | 13.8 | 10.8–17.4 | 46 | 20.1 | 15.4–25.8 | 13 | 6.6 | 3.8–11.0 |
| MD and SUD | 153 | 35.8 | 31.4–40.5 | 114 | 49.8 | 43.3–56.3 | 39 | 19.7 | 14.7–25.9 |
| PD and SUD | 179 | 41.9 | 37.3–46.7 | 138 | 60.3 | 53.7–66.4 | 41 | 20.7 | 15.6–27.0 |
| BPD and SUD | 170 | 39.8 | 35.3–44.6 | 130 | 56.8 | 50.2–63.1 | 40 | 20.2 | 15.1–26.4 |
| APD and SUD | 111 | 26.0 | 22.0–30.4 | 91 | 39.7 | 33.6–46.2 | 20 | 10.1 | 6.6–15.2 |
| SMI, PD and SUD | 138 | 32.3 | 28.0–36.9 | 105 | 45.9 | 39.4–52.4 | 33 | 16.7 | 12.1–22.6 |
| Psychosis, PD and SUD | 54 | 12.6 | 9.8–16.2 | 44 | 19.2 | 14.6–24.9 | 10 | 5.1 | 2.7–9.2 |
| Psychosis, BPD and SUD | 54 | 12.6 | 9.8–16.2 | 44 | 19.2 | 14.6–24.9 | 10 | 5.1 | 2.7–9.2 |
| Psychosis, APD and SUD | 38 | 8.9 | 6.5–12.0 | 33 | 14.4 | 10.4–19.6 | 5 | 2.5 | 1.0–6.0 |
| MD, PD and SUD | 129 | 30.2 | 26.0–34.8 | 100 | 43.7 | 37.3–50.2 | 29 | 14.6 | 10.3–20.3 |
| MD, BPD and SUD | 125 | 29.3 | 25.1–33.8 | 97 | 42.4 | 36.1–48.9 | 28 | 14.1 | 9.9–19.8 |
| MD, APD and SUD | 86 | 20.1 | 16.6–24.2 | 72 | 31.4 | 25.7–37.8 | 14 | 7.1 | 4.2–11.6 |
First, prevalence rates of dual disorders are reported considering three different combinations out of the three disorder groups (SMI and PD; SMI and SUD; PD and SUD). Dual disorders are considered prevalent irrespective of whether any disorder from the third group is present or not. Secondly, those with the disorder triad with at least one disorder from each of the three groups are reported. Under the prevalence of dual and triple disorders from different groups, the combination for specific (mutually non-exclusive) diagnoses with any disorder from a different group is reported using line indents.