TABLE 1.

Commercially available synthetic polymer and polysaccharide-based tissue adhesives.

Commercial Product	Approved Indications	Constituents
FocalSeal-L (Focal Inc.), replaced AdvaSeal (Sawhney et al., 1993)	Sealing lung air leaks	Photopolymerizable PEG-co-poly (lactic acid)/poly(trimethy lene carbonate)
DuraSeal (Covidien), DuraSeal Xact (Preul et al., 2003; Cosgrove et al., 2007)	Adjunct to sutures for dural repair; anti-adhesion (SprayShield); retina reattachment; nerve sciatic anastomosis; vascular closure	Tetra-NHS- PEG and trilysine
CoSeal (Cohesion Technologies) (Wallace et al., 2001)	Adjunct hemostasis in vascular surgery; inhibiting suture line bleeding	Tetra-NHS-PEG and tetra-SH-PEG
SprayGel (Covidien) (Dunn et al., 2001b; Ferland et al., 2001; Johns et al., 2003)	Adhesion barrier in gynecological and colorectal procedures	Tetra-NHS-PEG and tetra-NH2-derivatized PEG
TissuGlu® (Gilbert et al., 2008)	Prevention of seroma formation under skin flaps	Lysine di/tri isocyanate-PEG polymers
TissuePatch (TissueMed) (Kettlewell et al., 2007; von der Brelie et al., 2012; Ferroli et al., 2013)	Air leakage in thoracic surgery; sealing and reinforcing soft tissues adjunct to sutures; dural repair in cranial surgery, adjunct to sutures	Poly-((N-vinylpyrrolidone)50-co-(acrylic acid)25-co-(acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccin imide ester)25)
HemCon Bandage Pro (Jayakumar et al., 2011)	Hemostasis; antibacterial barrier	Chitosan
Commercially unavailable (Ono et al., 2000; Ishihara, 2002; Ishihara et al., 2002)	Sealing suture lines in aorta and intestine; incision sealing in trachea	2% of amines of chitosan substituted lactobionic acid, p-azido-benzoic acid
Actamax (Bhatia et al., 2007b)	Adhesion prevention; tissue sealing	Dextran aldehyde, 8-arm-NH2-PEG functionalized with tris(2-aminoethyl) amine
CS Glue (commercially unavailable) (Wang et al., 2007)	Connecting biomaterial to cartilage	Chondroitin sulfate functionalized with both aldehyde and acrylate groups