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. 2020 Aug 14;11:761. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00761

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Copyright © 2020 Parodi, De Angelis, Re, Raffa, Malova, Rossi, Severino, Tortora, Morana, Calevo, Brisigotti, Buffelli, Fulcheri and Ramenghi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Placental sections showing the three stages of maternal and fetal inflammatory response. (A) Maternal inflammatory response—stage 1. (B) Maternal inflammatory response—stage 2. (C) Maternal inflammatory response—stage 3. (D) Fetal inflammatory response—stage 1. (E) Fetal inflammatory response—stage 2. (F) Fetal inflammatory response—stage 3.