Table 1.
Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and placental findings of neonates with and without intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH).
| Study population (N = 286) | GMH-IVH (N = 68) | No GMH-IVH (N = 218) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Prenatal data | ||||
| Male | 135 (47.2) | 36 (52.9) | 99 (45.4) | 0.33 |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | 78 (27.3) | 15 (22.1) | 63 (28.9) | 0.35 |
| Antenatal corticosteroids | 224 (78.6) | 48 (70.6) | 176 (80.7) | 0.09 |
| Gestational diabetes | 11 (3.8) | 2 (2.9) | 9 (4.1) | 1 |
| Preeclampsia | 64 (22.4) | 9 (13.2) | 55 (27.1) | 0.04 |
| Twin pregnancy | 113 (39.5) | 28 (41.2) | 85 (39.0) | 0.78 |
| Twin to twin transfusion | 22 (7.7) | 5 (7.4) | 17 (7.8) | 1 |
| Cesarean section | 227 (79.4) | 43 (63.2) | 184 (84.4) | ≤0.0001 |
| Postnatal data | ||||
| Gestational age at birth mean (SD), weeks | 28.2 ± 2.2 | 27 ± 2.2 | 28.6 ± 2.1 | 0.001 |
| Birth weight mean (SD), g | 1040 ± 264 | 908 ± 250 | 1080 ± 255 | 0.001 |
| 1′ Apgar ≤ 5 | 114 (39.9) | 34 (50) | 80 (36.7) | 0.06 |
| 5′ Apgar ≤ 5 | 11 (3.8) | 7 (10.3) | 4 (1.8) | 0.005 |
| Intubation within the first 72 h | 205 (71.7) | 61 (89.7) | 144 (66.1) | <0.0001 |
| Mechanical ventilation within the first 72 h | 149 (52.1) | 49 (72.1) | 100 (45.9) | <0.0001 |
| Surfactant administration | 200 (69.9) | 59 (86.8) | 141 (64.7) | <0.0001 |
| Pneumothorax within the first 72 h | 11 (3.8) | 4 (5.9) | 7 (3.2) | 0.29 |
| Inotropic support within the first 72 h | 24 (8.4) | 10 (14.7) | 14 (6.4) | 0.04 |
| Early-onset sepsis | 10 (3.5) | 3 (4.4) | 7 (3.2) | 0.71 |
| Late-onset sepsis | 131 (45.8) | 39 (57.4) | 92 (42.2) | 0.03 |
| >1 late-onset sepsis | 44 (15.4) | 17 (25) | 27 (12.4) | 0.02 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 17 (5.9) | 5 (7.4) | 12 (5.5) | 0.56 |
| Surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis | 10 (3.5) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (2.8) | 0.25 |
| Treated patent ductus arteriosus | 174 (60.8) | 51 (75) | 123 (56.4) | 0.007 |
| Surgically treated patent ductus arteriosus | 31 (10.8) | 16 (23.5) | 15 (6.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebellar hemorrhage | 48 (16.8) | 30 (44.1) | 18 (8.3) | 0.0001 |
| Placental findings | ||||
| Twin monochorionic placenta | 38 (13.3) | 7 (10.3) | 31(14.2) | 0.54 |
| Velamentous placental cord insertion | 27 (9.4) | 5 (7.4) | 22 (10.1) | 0.64 |
| Fetal inflammatory response—stage 1 | 23 (8) | 9 (13.2) | 14 (6.4) | 0.09 |
| Fetal inflammatory response—stage 2 | 9 (3.1) | 5 (7.4) | 4 (1.8) | 0.04 |
| Fetal inflammatory response—stage 3 | 23 (8) | 6 (8.8) | 17 (7.8) | 0.80 |
| Maternal inflammatory response—stage 1 | 29 (10.1) | 11 (16.2) | 18 (8.3) | 0.06 |
| Maternal inflammatory response—stage 2 | 37 (12.9) | 8 (11.8) | 29 (13.3) | 0.84 |
| Maternal inflammatory response—stage 3 | 22 (7.7) | 11 (16.2) | 11 (5) | 0.007 |
| Villitis of unknown etiology | 31 (10.8) | 10 (14.7) | 21 (9.6) | 0.26 |
| Maternal vascular malperfusion | 165 (57.7) | 32 (47.1) | 133 (61) | 0.05 |
| Fetal vascular malperfusion | 11 (3.8) | 3 (4.4) | 8 (3.7) | 0.73 |
| Delayed villous maturation | 44 (15.4) | 8 (11.8) | 36 (16.5) | 0.26 |
| Retroplacental hematoma | 52 (18.2) | 12 (17.6) | 40 (18.3) | 1 |
Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.