Table 3.
Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and placental findings of neonates with and without cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH).
| Study patients (N = 286) | CBH (N = 48) | No CBH (N = 238) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Prenatal data | ||||
| Male | 135 (47.2) | 26 (54.2) | 109 (45.8) | 0.34 |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | 78 (27.3) | 8 (16.7) | 70 (29.4) | 0.08 |
| Antenatal steroids | 224 (78.6) | 32 (66.7) | 192 (80.7) | 0.04 |
| Gestational diabetes | 11 (3.8) | 1 (2.1) | 10 (4.2) | 0.70 |
| Preeclampsia | 55 (19.2) | 8 (16.7) | 56 (23.5) | 0.35 |
| Twin pregnancy | 110 (38.5) | 19 (39.6) | 91 (38.2) | 0.87 |
| Twin-to-twin transfusion | 227 (79.4) | 35 (72.9) | 192 (80.7) | 0.24 |
| Cesarean section | ||||
| Postnatal data | ||||
| Gestational age at birth mean (SD), weeks | 28.2 ± 2.2 | 26.6 ± 2 | 28.6 ± 2.1 | 0.0001 |
| Birth weight mean (SD), g | 1040 ± 264 | 904 ± 254 | 1067 ± 258 | 0.0001 |
| 1′ Apgar ≤ 5 | 114 (39.9) | 23 (47.9) | 91 (38.2) | 0.26 |
| 5′ Apgar ≤ 5 | 11 (3.8) | 3 (6.2) | 8 (3.4) | 0.40 |
| Intubation within the first 72 h | 205 (71.7) | 43 (89.6) | 162 (68.1) | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation within the first 72 h | 149 (52.1) | 32 (66.7) | 117 (49.2) | 0.03 |
| Surfactant administration | 200 (69.9) | 43 (89.6) | 157 (66) | 0.001 |
| Pneumothorax within the first 72 h | 11 (3.8) | 3 (6.2) | 8 (3.4) | 0.40 |
| Inotropic support within the first 72 h | 24 (8.4) | 13 (27.1) | 11 (4.6) | 0.0001 |
| Early-onset sepsis | 10 (3.5) | 3 (6.2) | 7 (2.9) | 0.38 |
| Late-onset sepsis | 131 (45.8) | 34 (70.8) | 97 (40.8) | 0.0001 |
| >1 late-onset sepsis | 44 (15.4) | 14 (29.2) | 30 (12.6) | 0.007 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 17 (5.9) | 3 (6.2) | 14 (5.9) | 1 |
| Surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis | 10 (3.5) | 3 (6.2) | 7 (2.9) | 0.38 |
| Treated patent ductus arteriosus | 174 (60.8) | 32 (66.7) | 142 (59.7) | 0.42 |
| Surgically treated patent ductus arteriosus | 31 (10.8) | 13 (27.1) | 18 (7.6) | 0.0001 |
| GMH-IVH | 68 (23.8) | 30 (62.5) | 38 (18) | 0.0001 |
| Placental findings | ||||
| Twin monochorionic placenta | 38 (13.3) | 4 (8.3) | 34(14.3) | 0.35 |
| Velamentous cord insertion | 27 (9.4) | 1 (2.1) | 26 (10.9) | 0.06 |
| Fetal inflammatory response—stage 1 | 23 (8) | 4 (8.3) | 19 (8) | 1 |
| Fetal inflammatory response—stage 2 | 9 (3.1) | 2 (4.2) | 7 (2.9) | 0.65 |
| Fetal inflammatory response—stage 3 | 23 (8) | 7 (14.6) | 16 (6.7) | 0.08 |
| Maternal inflammatory response—stage 1 | 29 (10.1) | 8 (16.7) | 21 (8.8) | 0.12 |
| Maternal inflammatory response—stage 2 | 37 (12.9) | 8 (16.7) | 29 (12.2) | 0.48 |
| Maternal inflammatory response—stage 3 | 22 (7.7) | 6 (12.5) | 16 (6.7) | 0.23 |
| Villitis of unknown etiology | 31 (10.8) | 4 (8.3) | 27 (11.3) | 0.80 |
| Fetal vascular malperfusion | 11 (3.8) | 1 (2.1) | 10 (4.2) | 0.70 |
| Maternal vascular malperfusion | 11 (3.8) | 1 (2.1) | 10 (4.2) | 0.70 |
| Delayed villous maturation | 44 (15.4) | 7 (14.6) | 37 (15.5) | 1 |
| Retroplacental hematoma | 52 (18.2) | 11 (22.9) | 41 (17.2) | 0.41 |
Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.