Table 1.
Descriptive Information of Included Studies.
| Study | Age (mean or range) | Gender | Diagnostic; Disgnostic criteria | Setting | Intervention of control group (N) | Intervention of experimental group (N) | Cointervention | Duration of intervention | Study duration | Measurements of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behere et al. ( 23 ) | 18–60 | M:F = 32:12 |
Schizophrenia; DSM IV |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 17) |
Yoga (N = 27) |
Antipsychotic medication | Not mentioned | -1 month by yoga instructor - 2 month home practice |
- PANSS - SOFS |
|
Bhatia et al.
( 44 ) |
>18 | / | Schizophrenia; DSM IV |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 90) |
Yoga (N = 104) |
Not memtioned | 60 min/day, 21 days by yoga instructor. Thereafter at home for 6 months. | -21 days by yoga instructor -6 months home practice |
-Penn CNB -SANS -SAPS -GAF |
| Duraiswamy et al. ( 22 ) | 18–55 | M:F = 42:19 |
Schizophrenia; DSM IV |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 30) |
Yoga (N = 31) |
Antipsychotic medication | 60 min/day, 5×/week for 3 weeks by yoga instructor. Thereafter at home for 3 months. | 4 months | -PANSS -SOFS (AIMS) -WHOQOL-BREF - Shedding Rate: 33% |
| Ho et al. ( 24 ) | 18–65 | / | Schizophrenia; DSM IV-TR |
Residing in a mental health rehabilitation hostel | Treatment as usual (N = 51) |
Tai Chi (N = 51) |
Not memtioned | 45 min/day, 2×/week for 12 weeks by mental health professionals | -12 weeks by instructor -3 months (no practice) |
-Chinese Version of the PANSS -Forward and backward digit spans test of the Chinese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Shedding Rate: 2% |
| Manjunath et al. ( 40 ) | 31.1–31.7 | M:F = 39:49 |
Schizophrenia; DSM IV |
Hospital patients | Treatment as usual (N = 44) |
Yoga (N = 44) |
Antipsychotic medication | 60 min/day, 5×/week | -2 weeks by yoga instructor -4 weeks yoga at home |
-PANSS -HDRS -SAS - Shedding Rate: 32% |
| Varambally et al. ( 39 ) | 30.6–32.8 | M:F = 56:28 |
Schizophrenia; DSM IV |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 37) |
Yoga (N = 47) |
None | 45 min/day, 25 days by yoga instructor. Thereafter 3 months of yoga at home. | 4 months | -PANSS -SOFS - Shedding Rate: 21% |
| Bhatia et al. ( 37 ) | >18 | / | Schizophrenia; DIGS |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 23) |
Yoga (N = 23) |
Antipsychotic medication | 1 h/day, 21 days by yoga instructor. | 21 days | Antomated computerized battery |
| Rainbow et al. ( 38 ) | 41.02–62.72 | M:F = 12:18 |
Schizophrenia; DSM IV-TR |
Rehabilitation residency | Treatment as usual (N = 15) |
Tai Chi (N = 15) |
30-min daily morning stretching routine | 1 h/session, twice a week by instructor. | 6 weeks | -CMDT -SANSs -WHODAS-II - Shedding Rate: 20% |
| Saeko et al. ( 41 ) | >18 | / | Schizophrenia; ICD-10 |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 25) |
Yoga (N = 25) |
Antipsychotic medication | 1 h/session, once a week by yoga instructor. | 8 weeks | -PANSS -DIEPSS -FACT-Sz -EQ-5D |
| Saeko et al. ( 45 ) | 39.2–70.8 | M:F = 36:20 |
Schizophrenia; ICD-10 |
Hospital outpatients | Treatment as usual (N = 28) |
Yoga (N = 28) |
Antipsychotic medication | 20 min/session, 24 sessions in all by yoga instructor. | 12 weeks | -EQ-5D -GAF -MFES -PANSS -DIEPSS -TIP-Sz |
| Kang et al. ( 42 ) | 18–60 | M:F = 116:128 |
Schizophrenia; ICD-10 |
Community Health Center | Treatment as usual (N = 126) |
Tai Chi (N = 118) |
Antipsychotic medication | 120 min/session, 2 sessions/month by instructor. | 12 months | -PANSS -WHOQOL |
| Funda and Mine ( 43 ) | 18–55 | M:F = 73:27 |
Schizophrenia; Not mentioned |
Mental health center | Treatment as usual (N = 50) |
Yoga (N = 50) |
Not mentioned | 40 min/session, 5 sessions/week by yoga instructor. | 6 weeks | -FROGS |
| Elizabeth and Stephen ( 36 ) | 28.5–55.5 | / | Schizophrenia; Not mentioned |
Mental health center | Treatment as usual (N = 8) |
Yoga (N = 10) |
Not mentioned | 45 min/session, 2 sessions/week by yoga instructor. | 8 weeks | -PANSS -WHOQOF-BREF |
DSM, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; Penn CNB, University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SOFS, Social and Occupational Functioning Scale; AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF; HDRS, Hamilton depression rating scale; SAS, Simpson angus scale for extrapyramidal side effects; DIGS, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies; CMDT, Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test; SANSs, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; WHODAS-II, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule; ICD-10, The International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition; DIEPSS, The Drug Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale; FACT-Sz, The Functional Assessment for Comprehensive Treatment of Schizophrenia; EQ-5D, The EuroQol-5 Dimensions; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; MFES, Modified Falls Efficacy Scale in Japanese; TIP-Sz, Targeted Inventory on Problems in Schizophrenia; FROGS, Functional Remission of General Schizophrenia Scale.