Table 2.
Summary of findings via GRADE System.
| Mind–Body Exercises Compared with Treatment as Usual for Schizophrenia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient or population: patients with schizophrenia. Settings: home, community, or hospital. Intervention: mind–body exercises. Comparison: treatment as usual. | ||||||
| Outcomes | Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI) | Relative effect(95% CI) | No of Participants(studies) | Quality of the evidence(GRADE) | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Treatment as Usual | Mind–body Exercises | |||||
| Positive Symptoms | The mean score ranged across control groups from −0.60 to 4.50. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 2.56 (0.12 to 6.00). |
/ | 747 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate |
|
| Negative Symptoms | The mean score ranged across control groups from −0.70 to 4.30. | The mean score in the intervention groups was 2.68 (0.70 to 7.71). |
/ | 747 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate |
|
| General Psychopathology | The mean score ranged across control groups from −1.75 to 2.70. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 3.71 (−0.60 to 13.30). |
/ | 456 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate |
|
|
Quality of Life
(Physical Score) |
The mean score ranged across control groups from −6.25 to 2.50. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 7.71 (−0.42 to 12.25). |
/ | 323 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
|
Quality of Life
(Psychological Score) |
The mean score ranged across control groups from −5.63 to 4.38. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 13.22 (2.08 to 22.5). |
/ | 323 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
|
Quality of Life
(Social Score) |
The mean score ranged across control groups from −8.13 to 8.63. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 12.76 (−0.09 to 23.10). |
/ | 323 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
|
Quality of Life
(Environment Score) |
The mean score ranged across control groups from −5.00 to 0.25. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 4.82 (0.18 to 10.57). |
/ | 323 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
| Social Function | The mean score ranged across control groups from −1.48 to 3.54. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 4.85 (2.74 to 7.57). |
/ | 289 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate |
|
| Cognition | The mean score ranged across control groups from −0.07 to 1.40. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 1.39 (1.07 to 1.77). |
/ | 132 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
| Depression | The mean score ranged across control groups from −1.63 to 2.33. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 2.71 (0.70 to 4.83). |
/ | 269 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate |
|
| Anergia | The mean score ranged across control groups from v2.00 to 1.03. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 2.34 (1.13 to 3.20). |
/ | 109 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
| Side Effects | The mean score ranged across control groups from −0.20 to 0.10. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 0.60 (0.30 to 0.90). |
/ | 149 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
| Extrapyramidal Symptoms | The mean score ranged across control groups from 0.60 to 0.80. |
The mean score in the intervention groups was 0.20 (−0.10 to 0.50). |
/ | 106 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low |
|
*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI, Confidence interval; RR, Risk Ratio; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence.
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.