Table 1.
Expression levels of reporter genes regulated by 3’ regulatory regions from plant genes compared to 3’ regulatory regions of NOS, OCS and 35S widely used in plant molecular biotechnology.
| Plant 3’ regulatory regions | Expression levels of the reporter gene | Organism | Transformation Method | Expression System | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flaveria bidentisMe1 | 64 to 440-fold higher than OCS | F. bidentis | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Marshall et al., 1997 |
| Potato pinII | ~ 10-fold higher than NOS | Potato | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Richter et al., 2000 |
| F. bidentisMe1 | 2 to 26-fold higher than OCS | Tobacco | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Ali and Taylor, 2001 |
| F. bidentisMe1 | ~ 4-fold higher than NOS | Tobacco | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Ali and Taylor, 2001 |
| F. bidentisMe1 | ~ 3-fold higher than OCS | Tobacco | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Schünmann et al., 2003 |
| Rice GluB-1 | 4-fold higher than NOS | Rice | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Yang et al., 2009 |
|
A. thaliana
HSP |
~ 2,5-fold higher than OCS | Arabidopsis and Rice | A. tumefaciens | Transient | Nagaya et al., 2010 |
|
A. thaliana
HSP |
~ 2-fold higher than NOS and 35S | Arabidopsis and Rice | A. tumefaciens | Transient | Nagaya et al., 2010 |
|
A. thaliana
ADH |
~ 1,4-fold higher than NOS | Arabidopsis | A. tumefaciens | Transient | Nagaya et al., 2010 |
|
A. thaliana
UBQ5 |
~ 1,4-fold higher than NOS | Arabidopsis | A. tumefaciens | Transient | Nagaya et al., 2010 |
|
A. thaliana
HSP |
~ 8-fold higher than NOS | Tomato | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Hirai et al., 2011 |
| Apple rbcS | 3 to 11-fold higher than NOS | Apple and tobacco | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Schaart et al., 2011 |
| Richadella dulcificaMIR | 1.5-fold higher than NOS | Tomato | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Hiwasa-Tanase et al., 2011 |
| Rice GluA-2 | 2,45-fold higher than NOS |
Rice | A. tumefaciens | Transient and Stable | Li et al., 2012 |
| Rice GluB-5 | 3,12-fold higher than NOS |
Rice | A. tumefaciens | Transient and Stable | Li et al., 2012 |
| Rice GluC | 2,14-fold higher than NOS |
Rice | A. tumefaciens | Transient and Stable | Li et al., 2012 |
|
A. thaliana
HSP |
~7-fold higher than NOS | Tomato | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Kurokawa et al., 2013 |
|
A. thaliana
HSP |
~2-fold higher than NOS | Nicotiana benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Limkul et al., 2015 |
| Potato pinII | 8.5-fold higher than NOS | N. benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Diamos and Mason, 2018 |
| Pea rbcS | 5.4-fold higher than NOS | N. benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Diamos and Mason, 2018 |
|
A. thaliana
HSP |
2.5-fold higher than NOS | N. benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Diamos and Mason, 2018 |
| N. benthamianaNbHSP | 6.3-fold higher than NOS | N. benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Diamos and Mason, 2018 |
| N. benthamianaNbACT3 | 8.9-fold higher than NOS | N. benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Stable | Diamos and Mason, 2018 |
| Tobacco Ext without native intron | 13.9-fold higher than NOS and 2.8-fold higher than 35S | N. benthamiana | A. tumefaciens | Transient | Rosenthal et al., 2018 |
3’ regulatory regions: NOS (nopaline synthase), 35S (cauliflower mosaic virus), OCS (octopine synthase), HSP (heat shock protein), MIR (miraculin), rbcS (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase), Glu (glutelin), Me1 (malic enzyme 1), Ext (extensin), pinII (proteinase inhibitor II), NbHSP (N. benthamiana heat shock protein), NbACT3 (N. benthamiana actin 3), ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase), UBQ5 (ubiquitin 5).