Figure 5.

Movement behavior of the three breeds Angus × Holstein, Original Braunvieh, and Highland cattle: (A) The average number of steps recorded per hour; (B) the average covered distance per hour (i.e., the speed); (C) the ratio of the time spent lying; (D) the evenness of space use; (E) the impact of slope, and (F) of the distance to water points on cattle movement behavior. Steps and lying ratio were recorded for six, covered distance and space use evenness for all nine cows per breed. Filled boxplots represent mean values, empty boxplots differentiate by the three types of alpine pastures: (1) nutrient-rich, flat pasture, (2) heterogeneous dwarf-shrub pasture, (3) nutrient-poor fen and wood pasture. Significances of differences among breeds are displayed above the boxplots in black, those among pastures below the boxplots in light gray [box: 25th to 75th quartile range (IRQ); line: median; whiskers: max. 1.5 × IQR; points: outliers; ^nsp > 0.1; °p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001].