Table 4.
Consequences per alternative.
| Consequences per group or per patient |
Estimated annual change (n = 620) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group (I) | Control group (C) | Incremental effect (I–C) | Incremental effect (I–C) | |
| Consequences: Patient outcomes | ||||
| Dispensing errors, total numbers per group | ||||
| Dispensing errors, | −32.6 | −498* | ||
| n/OEs | 100/1033 | 132/1028 | ||
| (%) | (9.7) | (12.8) | ||
| 95% CI | 7.9–11.6 | 10.9–15.0 | ||
| Clinical errors, | −21.2 | −324* | ||
| n/OEs | 25/1033 | 46/1028 | ||
| (%) | (2.4) | (4.5) | ||
| 95% CI | 1.6–3.6 | 3.3–5.9 | ||
| Procedural errors, | −11.4 | −174* | ||
| n/OEs | 75/1033 | 86/1028 | ||
| (%) | (7.3) | (8.4) | ||
| 95% CI | 5.8–9.0 | 6.7–10.2 | ||
| Patients with dispensing errors | −26.7 | −138 | ||
| n/Patients | 41/119 | 68/120 | ||
| (%) | 34.5 | 56.7 | ||
| Patient satisfaction, total numbers per group | ||||
| Highly satisfied | ||||
| n/Patients | 99/114 | 55/110 | +42.0 | +229 |
| (%) | 86.8 | 50.0 | ||
| Satisfied | ||||
| n/Patients | 13/114 | 38/110 | −26.9 | −149 |
| (%) | 11.4 | 34.5 | ||
| Neutral or unsatisfied | ||||
| n/Patients | 2/114 | 17/110 | −15.1 | −81 |
| (%) | 1.8 | 15.5 | ||
| Perception regarding medication (change in patient mean factor scores over time) | ||||
| Necessity | +0.30 | +0.40 | −0.10 | Not relevant |
| Concern | −0.67 | +0.28 | −0.95 | |
| Overuse | −0.38 | −0.29 | −0.09 | |
| Harm | −0.60 | +0.17 | −0.77 | |
| Deviations in medication list at follow-up per group and per patient | ||||
| Patients with deviations | ||||
| n/Patients | 10/114 | 22/110 | −12.8 | −70 |
| (%) | 8.8 | 20.0 | ||
| Mean number | 0.13 | 0.29 | −0.16 | −99 |
| 95% CI | 0.05–0.22 | 0.16–0.42 | ||
| Consequences - Healthcare sector outcomes | ||||
| Readmissions within 30 days after discharge per patient | ||||
| Mean number | 0.21 | 0.23 | −0.02 | −12 |
| 95% CI | 0.11–0.31 | 0.12–0.33 | ||
| GP contacts within 30 days after discharge per patient | ||||
| Mean number | 2.04 | 2.53 | −0.49 | −304 |
| 95% CI | 1.69–2.39 | 2.14–2.91 | ||
Source: The effectiveness data stem from the RCT15 and Central Denmark Region registries.
Notes: *In the RCT a mean of 25.44 OEs per patient was registered during study inclusion. This yields 15,773 OEs in total per year (n = 620). The expected number of dispensing errors per year was calculated from error proportions and this annual number of OEs; that is, dispensing errors in total = 15,773 OEs × 0.0968 = 1527 errors in the intervention group compared with 15,773 OEs × 0.1284 = 2025 errors in the control group.
The difference between alternatives is calculated per year by multiplying the incremental effect per patient by n = 620 patients.
A “–” means a difference in favor of the intervention (i.e. self-administration); although, for patient satisfaction a “+” means a difference in favor of the intervention.