Table 3.

Brief summary of important agents that have been investigated for treatment of stroke and their outcome.

Drugs Investigated	Outcome
	Pre Clinical		Clinical
Glutamatergic activity inhibitors      A. Sodium channel blocker                 a. BW619C89                 b. Lubeluzole      B. NMDA receptor antagonist                 a. Dizocilpine (MK-801)                 b. Cerestat                 c. Eliprodil                 d. Magnesium sulfate      C. AMPA receptor antagonist                 a. YM-872	Effective [132, 133] Effective [134] Effective [135] Effective [36] Effective [38] Effective [136] Effective [39, 40]		Side effects [26] Ineffective [28, 119] Ineffective [137] Ineffective [37] Effective [43] Unknown [41]
Ion channel modulators      A. Calcium-channel blockers                 a. Nimodipine                 b. PY 108- 068                 c. Flunarizine      B. GABA modulators                 a. Clomethiazole      C. Potassium channel activators                 a. BMS-204352	Effective [138] Effective [139] Effective [140] Effective [141] Effective [61]		Ineffective [52] Ineffective [53] Ineffective [54] Ineffective [59] Ineffective [62]
Free radical scavengers                  a. NXY-059                  b. Edaravone                  c. Ebselen                  d. Tirilazad	Effective [64, 65] Effective [66, 67] Effective [69] Effective [71]		Ineffective [142] Effective [72, 143] Effective [73] Worsens the outcome [74, 75]
Anti-inflammatory agents      A. Anti-ICAM-1                 a. Enlimomab      B. Anti-CD11b/CD18                 a. UK-279276      C. IL-1RA      D. MAPK inhibitor                 a. SB 239063	Effective [144] Effective [85] Effective [87] Effective [89, 90]		Ineffective [84] Ineffective [86] Safe but worsens the outcome [88] No data in stroke patients
GPIIb/IIIa platelet inhibitor                  a. Abciximab                  b. SM-20302	Effective [91, 92] Effective [93, 94]		Withdrawn because of safety concern [96] No data
Serotonin agonist                  a. BAYX3702	Effective [100]		Not known [102]
Opioid receptor modulators                  a. Nalmefene                  b. Naloxone                  c. BRL52537                  d. U-50,488E                  e. U-50,488H	Effective [145] Effective [146] Effective [103] Effective [104] Effective [105]		Safe but not effective [107] Ineffective [106] No data No data No data
Drugs Investigated		Outcome
		Pre Clinical		Clinical
Matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors                  a. BB-94                  b. KB-R7785		Effective [110] Effective [111]		No data No data
Citicoline		Effective [114]		Ineffective [118]
Albumin		Effective [126]		Ineffective [127]
Ancrod		Effective [147]		Ineffective [129]