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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Mol Med. 2020;20(4):259–274. doi: 10.2174/1566524019666191028122559

Fig. (3). Schematic depiction of the importance of dynorphins during cardiovascular development.

Fig. (3).

CRF, master stress hormone, is capable of elevating MAP and heart rate via noradrenergic sympathetic nervous outflow as well as serving as angiogenic stimulator in fetal endothelial cells through production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Dyn B appears to be involved in embryonic cardiogenesis and catecholamines have been shown to maintain fetal heart rate survival Dynorphin A appears to be a modulator of both noradrenergic sympathetic nervous outflow and VEGF signaling.