Fig. (4). Dynorphins and cardiac inflammation.

Inflammation is controlled by multiple factors that could include environmental toxins, medications, parasite, bacteria or viral infection, Inflammation-induced cytokine production can cause cardiac remodeling and heart disease through increased monocyte and pro-macrophage activation. During inflammation, there is an increase in the synthesis and release of Dyn. Released Dyn modulates macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity avoiding arrhythmogenesis and eliciting cardioprotective effects.