Table 3.

Statistics of AUP values obtained in comparing different classes of design methods on mRNA design challenges in this study.

mRNA design challenge	Multi-epitope vaccine	Nanoluciferase	eGFP + degron	Spike RBD	JEV + Spike	S-2P
Protein length (aa)	47	221	284	210	1303	1273
mRNA CDS length (nt)	144	666	855	633	3912	3822
Standard methodsb, mean(std) AUP	0.34(4)	0.36(2)	0.40(2)	0.39(2)	0.40(2)	0.40(2)
Stabilizing methodsc, mean(std) AUP	0.15(2)	0.17(2)	0.20(1)	0.17(2)	0.18(2)	0.19(2)
Stabilizing methodsc, min. AUPd	0.13	0.15	0.19	0.15	0.17	0.17
Mean standard / min stabilized	2.6	2.4	2.1	2.6	2.4	2.4

^amRNA length = 3 × protein length + 3 (stop codon).

^bUniform codons, GC codons, GENEWIZ, IDT, Twist.

^cEterna p(unp) challenge, RiboTree, LinearDesign.

^dIn all cases, minimal AUP was achieved in Eterna p(unp) challenge.