Table 2.

Main result: Indian children reweighted to match African sample on open defecation and other properties (all ages).

sex	sibsize at survey	birth order	assets	urban	mom literate	dad any education	mom age at birth	increases in average height from matching African open defecation density ▪ India-Africa z-score gap = 0.146							p-value (n=7 rank corr. w/ΔOD⋆)
								full sample	first borns	later borns	sibsize of 1 or 2 at time of survey	sibsize > 2 at time of survey	first born boy	other than first born boy
								0.212	0.177	0.221	0.154	0.247	0.156	0.221	0.007
✓								0.213	0.179	0.221	0.157	0.246	0.156	0.220	0.003
	✓							0.230	0.171	0.244	0.153	0.267	0.154	0.239	0.007
✓	✓							0.228	0.176	0.241	0.154	0.263	0.154	0.237	0.003
✓	✓		✓					0.203	0.171	0.209	0.140	0.231	0.147	0.209	0.016
✓	✓		✓	✓				0.229	0.159	0.247	0.140	0.269	0.153	0.239	0.007
✓	✓		✓	✓	✓			0.193	0.163	0.204	0.125	0.221	0.147	0.199	0.007
✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		0.194	0.201	0.185	0.147	0.206	0.144	0.202	0.072
✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	0.170	0.137	0.178	0.112	0.184	0.127	0.175	0.007
		✓						0.230	0.177	0.243	0.155	0.264	0.156	0.239	0.007
✓		✓						0.230	0.179	0.243	0.156	0.263	0.156	0.239	0.007
✓		✓	✓					0.206	0.161	0.217	0.136	0.233	0.125	0.215	0.003
✓		✓	✓	✓				0.220	0.152	0.238	0.146	0.259	0.133	0.230	0.003
✓		✓	✓	✓	✓			0.184	0.137	0.195	0.127	0.218	0.102	0.193	0.003
✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		0.182	0.210	0.173	0.154	0.200	0.132	0.187	0.230
✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	0.165	0.125	0.172	0.116	0.186	0.096	0.173	0.007
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	0.184	0.137	0.189	0.134	0.191	0.127	0.189	0.007
			✓					0.203	0.171	0.206	0.147	0.233	0.125	0.210	0.007
			✓	✓				0.209	0.159	0.223	0.138	0.253	0.133	0.214	0.003
			✓	✓	✓			0.166	0.138	0.180	0.119	0.203	0.102	0.171	0.003
			✓	✓	✓	✓		0.158	0.179	0.166	0.149	0.206	0.132	0.165	0.035
			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	0.155	0.095	0.162	0.086	0.207	0.096	0.163	0.035
n (children in India)								42,481	13,445	29,036	22,238	20,243	6,824	35,657
mean density of OD in India								3.71	3.45	3.87	3.33	4.12	3.34	3.78
mean density of OD in Africa								1.95	1.81	1.98	1.79	2.02	1.83	1.96
⋆ difference, India minus Africa								1.76	1.64	1.89	1.54	2.10	1.51	1.82

Note: Columns correspond to sub-samples. Rows correspond to sets of other properties. Differences presented are the difference between the height of Indian children reweighted to match African children on that row's other properties and the height of Indian children reweighted to match the African joint distribution of open defecation and the same other properties. The p-value in each row corresponds to the two-sided Kendall's τ non-parametric test of a relationship between the 7 results and the 7 differences in open defecation density between India and Africa within each sub-sample, testing the hypothesis that the effect of reweighting is larger in sub-samples where the difference in open defecation density is larger.