Table 5.
Open defecation density accounts for the height gap: OLS regression as decomposition.
| sample: | (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| full | full | full | full | 1st boys | not 1st boys | full | full | full | |
| Panel A: All ages 0–59 months | |||||||||
| India | −0.146∗∗∗ (0.0156) |
0.0167 (0.0163) |
0.0808∗∗∗ (0.0162) |
0.318∗∗∗ (0.0337) |
0.104∗∗∗ (0.0188) |
−0.136∗∗∗ (0.0163) |
0.0835∗∗∗ (0.0167) |
||
| ln(OD density) | −0.0922∗∗∗ (0.00376) |
−0.0946∗∗∗ (0.00375) |
−0.0988∗∗∗ (0.00438) |
−0.0587∗∗∗ (0.00680) |
−0.0468∗∗∗ (0.00383) |
−0.0945∗∗∗ (0.00376) |
−0.0523∗∗∗ (0.00424) |
||
| density | −0.0000193∗ (0.00000849) |
−0.00000581 (0.00000690) |
|||||||
| n (children) | 170,149 | 170,149 | 170,149 | 170,149 | 19,232 | 146,698 | 170,149 | 170,149 | 165,932 |
| projected Δh.f.a. | 0.160 | 0.164 | 0.172 | 0.102 | 0.091 | 0.157 | 0.100 | ||
| Panel B: Ages 6–24 months | |||||||||
| India | −0.131∗∗∗ (0.0220) |
0.0329 (0.0234) |
0.0666∗∗ (0.0228) |
0.302∗∗∗ (0.0573) |
0.116∗∗∗ (0.0280) |
−0.107∗∗∗ (0.0233) |
0.0830∗∗∗ (0.0237) |
||
| ln(OD density) | −0.0924∗∗∗ (0.00539) |
−0.0943∗∗∗ (0.00529) |
−0.0893∗∗∗ (0.00627) |
−0.0625∗∗∗ (0.0117) |
−0.0525∗∗∗ (0.00568) |
−0.0936∗∗∗ (0.00529) |
−0.0460∗∗∗ (0.00638) |
||
| density | −0.0000502∗∗∗ (0.0000150) |
−0.0000362∗∗ (0.0000136) |
|||||||
| n (children) | 57,494 | 57,494 | 57,494 | 57,494 | 6658 | 49,753 | 57,494 | 57,494 | 56,411 |
| projected Δh.f.a. | 0.161 | 0.164 | 0.156 | 0.110 | 0.102 | 0.155 | 0.088 | ||
| Panel C: Ages 25–59 months | |||||||||
| India | −0.0786∗∗∗ (0.0175) |
0.0924∗∗∗ (0.0183) |
0.0966∗∗∗ (0.0183) |
0.312∗∗∗ (0.0414) |
0.0774∗∗∗ (0.0212) |
−0.0726∗∗∗ (0.0182) |
0.0957∗∗∗ (0.0188) |
||
| ln(OD density) | −0.0988∗∗∗ (0.00424) |
−0.0990∗∗∗ (0.00426) |
−0.115∗∗∗ (0.00506) |
−0.0607∗∗∗ (0.00825) |
−0.0391∗∗∗ (0.00433) |
−0.0990∗∗∗ (0.00426) |
−0.0626∗∗∗ (0.00492) |
||
| density | −0.0000116 (0.00000926) |
0.00000184 (0.00000800) |
|||||||
| n (children) | 94,906 | 94,906 | 94,906 | 94,906 | 10,570 | 81,479 | 94,906 | 94,906 | 92,051 |
| projected Δh.f.a. | 0.169 | 0.169 | 0.197 | 0.103 | 0.075 | 0.162 | 0.118 | ||
| age × sex FEs | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| region FEs | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| extended controls | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Note: Dependent variable: height-for-age z-score. Standard errors clustered by PSU: †p < 0.10; ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001. 288 region fixed effects are for DHS sub-national regions (v024). Extended controls are mother's height and indicator sets for household asset count, sibsize at the survey, birth order, multiple births, month of birth, mother's literacy, father's education, and whether the child was immediately breastfed.