Table 3.

The Recent Studies on the Effect of Local Anesthetics on Cancers

Type of Anesthetics	Anesthetics	Authors	Year	Type of Cancer (n)	Type of Research	Effect on Cancer	Relative Pathway
Local anesthetics	Lidocaine	Zhu et al147	2019	Cervical cancer	in vitro	↓	lncRNA-MEG3/miR-421/BTG1
	Lidocaine	Wall et al148	2019	Breast cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	MMP2
	Lidocaine	Sun et al149	2019	Lung cancer	in vitro	↓	miR-539/EGFR Axis
	Lidocaine	Dong et al150	2019	Lung cancer	in vitro	↓	PI3K and Rapamycin
	Lidocaine	Xia et al151	2019	Retinoblastoma	in vivo and in vitro	↓	miR-520a-3p/EGFR
	Lidocaine	Zhang et al152	2019	Gastric cancer	in vitro	↓	Bcl-2; Bax; p-p38
	Lidocaine	Xing et al153	2017	Hepatocellular carcinoma	in vitro	↓	Bax; protein caspase-3; Bcl-2
	Bupivacaine	Zhu et al154	2020	_	in vitro	↓(Anti-angiogenesis)	Akt/mTOR and AMPK
	Bupivacaine	Zhang et al155	2019	Neuroblastoma	in vitro	↓	miR-132
	Bupivacaine	Xuan et al156	2016	Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer	in vitro	↓	GSK3β
	Procaine	Li et al157	2018	Gastric Cancer	in vitro	↓	DNA methylation
	Procaine	Li et al158	2018	Colon Cancer	in vitro	↓	ERK/MAPK/FAK; RhoA
	Procaine	Ying et al159	2017	Osteosarcoma	in vitro	↓	miR-133b
	Procaine	Ma et al160	2016	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	in vivo and in vitro	↓	EGFR
	Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine	Li et al161	2019	Colon cancer	in vitro	↓	CHOP; Grp78
	Lidocaine, Ketamine, Metamizole	Malsy et al162	2019	Pancreatic carcinoma	in vitro	↓	NFATc2 and Sp1
	Lidocaine, Ropivacaine	Siekmann et al87	2019	Colon cancer	in vitro	High concentrations ↓; Low concentration ↑	Unknown
	Lidocaine, Ropivacaine	Wang et al163	2016	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	in vitro	Lidocaine ↓ Ropivacaine ↓	MAPK
	Lidocaine, Ropivacaine	Piegeler et al164	2015	Lung adenocarcinoma	in vitro	↓	MMP-9, Src
	Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Ropivacaine, Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, Chloroprocaine	Li et al165	2018	Breast cancer	in vitro	↓	Unknown

Notes: ↑: enhance cancer; ↓: inhibit cancer grow or metastasis.