Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Subjects According to Categories of Self-Reported Headache Recurrence
| Self-Reported Recurrence of Headache | P-value for Linearity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N=138) | Occasional (N=278) | Recurrent (N=178) | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 51 (9) | 49 (10) | 47 (10) | <0.001 |
| Education years, mean (SD) | 13.6 (2.2) | 13.8 (2.1) | 13.8 (2.1) | 0.46 |
| Financial satisfaction, n (%) | 105 (76) | 203 (73) | 125 (70) | 0.24 |
| Cohabiting, n (%) | 109 (79) | 224 (81) | 146 (82) | 0.50 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 14 (10) | 23 (8) | 16 (9) | 0.77 |
| AUDIT-C, mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Good quality of sleep, n (%) | 111 (80) | 212 (76) | 132 (74) | 0.20 |
| Leisure time physical activity, n (%) | 0.44 | |||
| Low | 25 (18) | 56 (20) | 39 (22) | |
| Moderate | 64 (46) | 120 (43) | 80 (45) | |
| High | 49 (36) | 102 (37) | 59 (33) | |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Quality-of-life (EQ-5D), mean (SD) | 0.90 (0.12) | 0.88 (0.12) | 0.81 (0.17) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (MDI), mean (SD) | 4.1 (5.8) | 5.1 (5.8) | 6.1 (5.4) | 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.2 (4.3) | 26.6 (4.8) | 27.2 (5.4) | 0.002 |
| Number of chronic illnesses, mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.4) | 0.079 |
| Musculoskeletal | 28 (20) | 55 (20) | 43 (24) | 0.37 |
| Cardiovascular | 32 (23) | 47 (17) | 34 (19) | 0.42 |
| Mental | 3 (2) | 11 (4) | 10 (6) | 0.12 |
| Pulmonary | 9 (7) | 22 (8) | 16 (9) | 0.42 |
| Gastroenterological | 10 (7) | 21 (8) | 18 (10) | 0.33 |
| Neurological | 4 (3) | 9 (3) | 4 (2) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes | 10 (7) | 6 (2) | 6 (3) | 0.10 |
| Malignancy | 2 (1) | 3 (4) | 5 (3) | 0.56 |
| Work-related factors | ||||
| Work engagement (UWES-9 score), mean (SD) | 5.0 (0.9) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.8 (0.9) | 0.038 |
| Work ability score, NRS, mean (SD) | 8.6 (1.3) | 8.5 (1.1) | 8.1 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Physical workload, mm, mean (SD) | 33 (28) | 27 (26) | 30 (27) | 0.54 |
| Mental workload, mm, mean (SD) | 59 (21) | 57 (22) | 63 (22) | 0.042 |
| Work stress (BBI-15), mean (SD) | 29 (11) | 32 (10) | 33 (11) | <0.001 |
| Daytime work, n (%) | 94 (68) | 201 (72) | 132 (74) | 0.25 |
Abbreviations: AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; EQ-5D, quality-of-life; MDI, Major Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; UWES-9, Utrecht Work Engagement Index; BBI, Bergen Burnout Indicator.