Table 2.
Subgroup analysis.
| Outcome | Subgroups | No. of studies | Effect size (Odds ratio / mean difference) | I2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT elevation (>40 U/L) | Overall | 8 | 2.8 (1.8-4.3) | 63 | |
| Critical COVID-19 | 7 | 2.5 (1.6-3.7) | 57 | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir usage | High usage (≥ 80%) | 1 | 4.6 (2.5-8.6) | NA | |
| Low usage (< 80%) | 7 | 2.5 (16-3.9) | 56 | ||
| Cohort | 6 | 2.5 (1.5-4.2) | 66 | ||
| Case-control | 2 | 4.4 (1.4-13.4) | 55 | ||
| AST elevation (>40 U/L) | Overall | 9 | 3.4 (2.3-5.1) | 59 | |
| Critical COVID-19 | 7 | 3.4 (2.3-5.0) | 56 | ||
| Non-survivor | 1 | 5.9 (3.4-10.5) | NA | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir usage | High usage (≥ 80%) | 3 | 3.3 (1.6-6.8) | 53 | |
| Low usage (< 80%) | 6 | 3.5 (2.1-5.9) | 66 | ||
| Cohort | 5 | 3.3 (2.0-5.3) | 70 | ||
| Case-control | 4 | 3.7 (1.7-8.4) | 49 | ||
| Hyperbilirubinemia (>17 mmol/L) | Overall | 3 | 1.9 (1.1-3.1) | 30 | |
| Critical COVID-19 | 2 | 1.7 (1.2-2.5) | 0 | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir usage | High usage (≥ 80%) | 1 | 2.0 (1.2-3.5) | NA | |
| Low usage (< 80%) | 2 | 2.2 (0.6-7.7) | 61 | ||
| Cohort | 2 | 1.7 (1.1-2.5) | 0 | ||
| Case-control | 1 | 5.2 (1.2-23.2) | NA | ||
| Hypoalbuminemia (<40 g/L) | Overall | 3 | 8.8 (4.1-19.0) | 46 | |
| Critical COVID-19 | 2 | 7.1 (2.1-24.1) | 71 | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir usage | High usage (≥ 80%) | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Low usage (< 80%) | 3 | 8.8 (4.1-19.0) | 46 | ||
| Cohort | 2 | 7.1 (2.1-24.1) | 71 | ||
| Case-control | 1 | 13.1 (3.7-46.4) | NA | ||
| GGT level | Overall | 3 | 46.7 (-4.1-97.6) | 96 | |
| Critical COVID-19 | 2 | 36.6 (-5.2 -78.4) | 100 | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir usage | High usage (≥ 80%) | 1 | 98.5 (75.3-121.6) | NA | |
| Low usage (< 80%) | 2 | 15.3 (13.7-16.8) | 0 | ||
| Cohort | 2 | 56 (-25 - 137.6) | 98 | ||
| Case-control | 1 | 28.4 (2.1-54.8) | NA |
Abbreviation: ALT = Alanine Aminotransferase; AST = Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT = Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase; NA = Not available.