Table 2. Unadjusted and Age-Adjusted, Sex-Adjusted, and Multiple-Adjusted Models of Having an Albumin to Creatinine Ratio of ≥30.0 mg/g by Sociodemographic and Comorbidity Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in a Study Sample (N = 2,944), National Kidney Foundation of Hawaii Kidney Early Detection Screening Program, 2006−2017a .
| Variable | Unadjusted Model | Age- and Sex-Adjusted Model | Multiple-Adjusted Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | — | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) [<.001] | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) [<.001] |
| Female | — | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) [.006] | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) [.02] |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Native Hawaiian | 1.30 (1.01–1.69) [.045] | 1.50 (1.15–1.95) [.003] | 1.27 (0.96–1.69) [.09] |
| Filipino | 1.25 (0.99–1.58) [.06] | 1.44 (1.14–1.84) [.003] | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) [.01] |
| Chinese | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) [.10] | 0.85 (0.62–1.17) [.32] | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) [.42] |
| Japanese | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) [.06] | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) [.16] | 1.18 (0.92–1.50) [.19] |
| Health characteristics | |||
| Current or past cigarette smoking (vs no history) | — | — | 0.99 (0.75–1.30) [.94] |
| Medical history of hypertension (vs no history) | — | — | 1.44 (1.16–1.79) [.001] |
| Medical history of hypercholesterolemia (vs no history) | — | — | 0.83 (0.67–1.04) [.11] |
| Medical history of diabetes (vs no history) | — | — | 1.42 (1.11–1.81) [.006] |
| Medical history of cardiovascular disease (vs no history) | — | — | 1.20 (0.85–1.70) [.30] |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | |||
| Normal and underweight (BMI, <25.0) | — | — | 1 [Reference] |
| Overweight (BMI, 25.0–29.9) | — | — | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) [.04] |
| Obese (BMI, ≥30.0) | — | — | 1.27 (0.88–1.82) [.20] |
Abbreviation: —, does not apply.
a
All values are odds ratio (95% CI) [P value].