Table 2.
Demographic, major clinical and serial biochemical parameters of 16 DILI patients who required more than three years to resolve or did not resolve.
| Case | Age/sex | Comorbidities | Type of liver injury |
Liver profile |
3-6 months (xULN) |
0.5-1 year (xULN) |
1-2 years (xULN) |
2-3 years (xULN) |
>3 years (xULN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1**Atorvastatin | 67/F | Diabetes | HC | TB | 5.1 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Arterial hypertension | AST | 8 | 2.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| Ischemic cardiopathy | ALT | 11 | 3.1 | 1 | |||||
| Dyslipidemia | GGT | 16 | 2.9 | 3 | |||||
| ALP | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | ||||||
| 7 Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 83/F | Arterial hypertension | HC | TB | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | |
| Dyslipidemia | AST | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | ||||
| ALT | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.5 | |||||
| GGT | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |||||
| ALP | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |||||
| 9 Flutamide | 65/M | Prostate cancer | HC | TB | - | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | |
| Tuberculosis | AST | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||||
| ALT | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |||||
| GGT | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| ALP | - | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||||
| 10 Levonorgestrel and estrogen | 43/F | Cholestasis of pregnancy | HC | TB | 0.5 | * | * | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| AST | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | ||||||
| ALT | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | ||||||
| GGT | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | ||||||
| ALP | 0.4 | - | 0.2 | ||||||
| 11**Bentazepam | 60/F | Uterine myoma | HC | TB | 3.3 | 1.1 | |||
| Cardiopathy | AST | 1.5 | 1.05 | ||||||
| Depression | ALT | 1.2 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Arterial hypertension | GGT | 3.6 | 2 | ||||||
| ALP | 0.8 | 0.4 | |||||||
| 13** Ebrotidine | 55/F | Diabetes | HC | TB | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | * | 0.3 |
| Arterial hypertension | AST | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||||
| Arthrosis | ALT | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||
| GGT | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | |||||
| ALP | 1.3 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.3 | |||||
| 14** Ebrotidine | 69/F | None | HC | TB | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
| AST | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | ||||
| ALT | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | ||||
| GGT | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||||
| ALP | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||||
| 15** Clopidogrel/atorvastatin | 60/M | Diabetes | HC | TB | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||
| Arterial hypertension | AST | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |||||
| Cardiopathy | ALT | 2.1 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Dyslipidemia | GGT | 38 | 20 | 20 | |||||
| ALP | 2.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | ||||||
| 18 Amoxicillin-clavulanate/carbamazepine | 65/M | Brucellosis | Chol | TB | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | AST | 2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |||
| ALT | 2.7 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | ||||
| GGT | 10 | 7.6 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 0.6 | ||||
| ALP | 2.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | ||||
| 19 Fenofibrate/raloxifene | 60/F | Colorectal cancer | Mix | TB | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | - | 0.3 |
| Dyslipidemia | AST | 2.8 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 3.0 | |||
| Osteoporosis | ALT | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.6 | |||
| GGT | 40 | 23.5 | 9.3 | 4.6 | 24 | ||||
| ALP | 11.5 | 4.3 | 3 | 1 | 5.0 | ||||
| 20 Thiamazole | 78/F | Hyperthyroidism | Chol | TB | 1.1 | * | * | * | 1.0 |
| Goiter | AST | 0.6 | 0.7 | ||||||
| ALT | 0.6 | 0.4 | |||||||
| GGT | 2.4 | 0.5 | |||||||
| ALP | 1.6 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 21 Gemfibrozil/lovastatin | 63/F | Dyslipidemia | Chol | TB | 0.4 | 0.4 | - | 0.3 | |
| Diabetes | AST | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.7 | ||||
| Osteoarthrosis | ALT | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | ||||
| GGT | 24 | 22 | 19 | 9.0 | |||||
| ALP | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.9 | |||||
| 22** Amoxicillin-clavulanate/ibuprofen | 70/M | Arterial hypertension | Chol | TB | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
| AST | 3 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 | ||||
| ALT | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.7 | ||||
| GGT | 16 | 7 | 5.5 | 1 | 0.9 | ||||
| ALP | 4.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1.0 | ||||
| 23 Ibuprofen | 40/M | None | Chol | TB | 0.6 | - | - | - | 0.8 |
| AST | 1.3 | 1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | ||||
| ALT | 4.3 | 1.5 | - | 1.5 | 1.2 | ||||
| GGT | 15 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 4.2 | 4.0 | ||||
| ALP | 6.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | - | 0.7 | ||||
| 24** Ranitidine | 54/F | Diabetes | Chol | TB | 0.4 | - | 0.9 | 0.4 | |
| Arterial hypertension | AST | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 1.8 | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | ALT | 2.5 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 1.3 | ||||
| GGT | 53 | - | 61 | 21 | |||||
| ALP | 4.2 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | |||||
| 25 Atorvastatin | 75/F | Dyslipidemia | Mix | TB | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Venous insufficiency | AST | 3 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.7 | |||
| ALT | 3.1 | 1.1 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 0.5 | ||||
| GGT | 15 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.3 | ||||
| ALP | 5.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.7 |
TB, total bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ULN, upper limit of normal; Chol, cholestatic damage; HC, hepatocellular damage; Mix, mixed damage.
*
Altered liver profile reported in clinical history (laboratory data are not available).
**
The patient developed cirrhosis.