Table 1. Mechanical properties of L. annua in comparison with other cellulose-based films.

Young modulus (E), ultimate tensile strength (σ), percentage elongation (ε), and corresponding density normalized values, respectively, (E/ρ), (σ/ρ), and (ε/ρ) for the Lunaria septa, cellulose microfibril films, and shear-aligned cellulose nanocrystal films. The minimum and maximum values are reported for the L. annua and cellulose microfibril films (46), whereas the values in axial and perpendicular direction to the cellulose nanocrystal alignment are reported for the cellulose nanocrystal films (45). The density-normalized values are calculated assuming a density of 0.26, 1.5, and 1.55 g/cm³ for the Lunaria septa, the cellulose microfibril films, and the cellulose nanocrystal films, respectively.

	E (GPa)	E/ρ (GPa)/(g cm−3)	σ (MPa)	σ/ρ (MPa)/(g cm−3)	ε (%)	ε/ρ (%)/(g cm−3)
Lunaria septa	0.5 to 0.8	1.9 to 3.2	2.2 to 26.4	8.4 to 103	0.3 to 3.3	1 to 12.7
Cellulose microfibril films (46)	1 to 17.5	0.7 to 11.7	30 to 155	20 to 103.3	2.5 to 11.5	1.7 to 7.7
Cellulose nanocrystal films (45)	6.7 to 29.7	4.3 to 19.2	48 to 77	31 to 49.6	0.3 to 0.9	0.2 to 0.6