Table 1.
Large wearable sensor studies in Parkinson’s disease, 2015–2019
| Study | Year | Sample size | Sensor location | Number of sensors | Assessment | Country | Assessment setting | Findings |
| Van Wamelen et al., [131] | 2019 | 108 | Wrist | 1 | Bradykinesia, dyskinesia | UK | In clinic | Wearable sensors detected bradykinesia and dyskinesia, which were associated with non-motor symptoms. |
| Hasegawa et al., [132] | 2019 | 223 | Both feet, shins, wrists, sternum, lumbar region | 8 | Sway, gait, posture, balance | USA | In clinic | Objective measures of balance correlated significantly with disease severity and patient-reported outcomes. |
| Haji Ghassemi et al., [133] | 2019 | 150 | Both shoes | 2 | Gait, turning | Germany | In clinic | Number of steps per turn differed between control participants and those with even early stage PD. |
| Nguyen et al., [134] | 2019 | 119 | Both shoes | 2 | Gait, turning | Germany | In clinic | Combining gait and turning assessments improved classification of individuals with and without PD. |
| Buckley et al., [135] | 2019 | 134 | Lumbar region, back of head | 2 | Upper body accelerations | UK | In clinic | Upper body motion was moderately better at classifying PD gait than lower body motion. |
| Khoury et al., [136] | 2019 | 165 | Both feet | 16 | Vertical foot force | France | In clinic | Force data from wearable foot sensors distinguished between control participants and those with PD. |
| Bertoli et al., [137] | 2018 | 236 | Both ankles | 2 | Gait | Belgium, Israel, Italy, UK | In clinic | Wearable sensors effectively measured aspects of gait, which differed significantly between control participants and those with PD. |
| Silva de Lima et al., [138] | 2018 | 304 | Wrist | 1 | Gait | Netherlands | Anywhere | Higher age and severity of motor symptoms were associated with less time spent walking. |
| Schlachetzki et al., [139] | 2017 | 291 | Both shoes | 2 | Gait | Germany | In clinic | Wearable sensor-based gait analysis differentiated gait characteristics of individuals with and without PD and sensitively tracked changes in gait over time. |
Source: PubMed search of wearable sensors to assess neurological conditions, filtered by sample size greater than 100, on 11/15/2019 (“parkinson disease” [MeSH Terms] OR (“parkinson” [All Fields] AND “disease” [All Fields]) OR “parkinson disease” [All Fields] OR (“parkinson’s” [All Fields] AND “disease” [All Fields]) OR “parkinson’s disease” [All Fields]) AND (wearable[All Fields] AND (“Sensors (Basel)” [Journal] OR “sensors” [All Fields])).