Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the reported patients.
| Authors | Number of patients | Age (y) | Sex | Treatment duration (m) | Retinal involvement | Fundoscopy | FAF | OCT | Liver dysfunction | ERG | FUP duration (m) and findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roe et al. [14] | 3 | 40 to 46 | M | 19 to 60 | Bilateral macular | (i) RPE hypertrophic and atrophic changes (diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy) (ii) Parafoveal opacification (iii) Intraretinal crystal deposits |
Sharply edged hypo-AF corresponding to the RPE atrophy areas | (i) Intraretinal cysts (ii) Intraretinal cavitations (iii) RPE irregularity (iv) cRORA |
Present | — | (i) 12 to 24 m (ii) Decreased visual acuity (iii) Significantly larger areas of RPE disruption (even despite treatment interruption in patient 1) (iv) Evident intraretinal crystals |
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| Pinto et al. [15] | 1 | 30 | M | 60 (with 24-month interruption) | Bilateral macular | Perimacular ring of pigment mottling, with clumps of pigment in the adjacent periphery | Area of annular hypo-AF (bull's eye maculopathy) with a surrounding ring of hyper-AF | Macular thinning | Absent | ff-ERG: normal | — |
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| Biancardi and Curi [16] | 1 | — | — | Long term (not specified) | Bilateral macular | Bilateral rounded hypopigmented lesions | (i) Background granularity (LE > RE) (ii) Hypo-AF (RE > LE) (iii) Speckled hyper-AF pattern surrounding the hypo-AF areas |
(i) Subfoveal cRORA (ii) Perifoveal areas of hyperreflectivity affecting the ONL and the ELM |
— | — | (i) 8 m (ii) Reduction of background granularity and hyper-AF pattern and increase in hypo-AF areas of RPE atrophy |
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| Papavasileiou et al. [17] | 1 | 59 | M | 96 | Bilateral retinal and macular | Bilateral retinitis pigmentosa-like appearance of the fundus with scattered bone specula pigmentation in the midperipheral retina | Paramacular mottled hypo-AF, affecting the macula of the RE and sparing the macula of the LE | iRORA with sparing of the foveolar ellipsoid zone in the LE | Absent | (i) PERG P50: undetectable (ii) ff-ERG: rod-cone dystrophy with additional inner retinal involvement |
— |
| Tu et al. [18] | 1 | 47 | M | 84 | Unilateral macular (LE) | Unilateral hyperemic lesion centered at the left fovea | Normal | Subfoveal iORA and parafoveal cORA | Present | — | (i) 6 m; improved visual acuity and epitheliopathy resolution already after 6 weeks of ritonavir discontinuation (ii) Stable visual acuity and normal macular exams at last FUP |
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| Faure et al. [19] | 1 | 49 | M | 120 | Bilateral macular | (i) Parafoveal retinal graying (ii) Bilateral crystal and pigment deposits |
(i) Foveal hyper-AF combined to areas of hypo-AF due to retinal pigment epithelium disruption (RE > LE) | (i) Subfoveal iRORA and nasal juxtafoveal cRORA (RE) (ii) iRORA (LE) (iii) Disruption of inner retina OU |
Absent | (i) ff-ERG: dark- and light-adapted responses reduced (ii) Multifocal-ERG: impaired responses to the central hexagons |
(i) Nearly 24 m (ii) Stable clinical picture after ritonavir cessation (iii) New pattern of pigment deposits |
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| Mesquita et al. [20] | 1 | 53 | M | 120 | Bilateral retinal and macular | Diffuse bilateral RPE atrophy | Patchy confluent areas of hypo-AF surrounded by hyper-AF | (i) cRORA (ii) FTMH (LE) (iii) ERM (LE) |
Absent | — | — |
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| Louie and Jones [21] | 1 | 53 | M | 84 | Bilateral retinal and macular | (i) Bilateral subtle annular pattern of retinal RPE around the fovea (ii) Bilateral yellowish-white chorioretinal lesions and bone spicule-like pigmentary changes in the midperipheral retina |
(i) Annular hyper-AF in the parafoveal region consistent with bull's eye maculopathy (ii) Hyper-AF in the areas of the bone spicule-like pigment changes (iii) Smaller patches of hyper-AF along the far inferotemporal arcades |
(i) Annular parafoveal iORA (ii) Thickened hyperreflectivity of the subfoveal ellipsoid zone with relative attenuation centrally (iii) Punctate hyperreflective flecks within the ellipsoid zone eccentrically (precursor to crystalline deposits) |
Present | ff-ERG: reduced rod- and cone-mediated responses in amplitude and timing, with cones more impaired than rods | (i) More than 24 m (ii) Stable visual acuity, imaging, and functional tests (with ritonavir discontinuation) |
cORA = complete outer retinal atrophy; cRORA = complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy; ERG = electroretinography; ERM = epiretinal membrane; FAF = fundus autofluorescence; ff-ERG = full field electroretinography; FUP = follow-up; FTMH = full-thickness macular hole; hyper-AF = hyper-autofluorescence; hypo-AF = hypo-autofluorescence; iRORA = incomplete outer retinal atrophy; LE = left eye; m = months; M = male; OCT = optical coherence tomography; OU = oculus uterque; PERG = pattern electroretinography; RE = right eye; RPE = retinal pigment epithelium; y = years.