FIGURE 1.
Number of healthy lifestyle factors and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Healthy lifestyle factors were defined as the upper 2 quintiles of the cohort's Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (excluding alcohol), consuming ≥2 cups of caffeinated coffee per day, performing ≥150 vigorous-intensity or ≥300 moderate-intensity minutes of physical activity per week (15 MET-h/wk), having a BMI <25 kg/m2, being a never smoker, and consuming a moderate amount of alcohol (men: 0.5–2 drinks/d; women: 0.5–1.5 drinks/d). HRs and 95% CIs from Cox regression analyses are adjusted for age, questionnaire cycle, regular use of statins and thiazide diuretics (yes/no), regular use of NSAIDs (≥2 times/wk; yes/no), postmenopausal hormone use (pre-/missing menopause, never used, current user, past user; only in NHS), and history of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension (yes/no). 1Incidence is per 100,000 person-years. HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET, metabolic equivalent; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.