TABLE 2.
Baseline nutrient intakes and cardiovascular risk factors by quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary glycemic index in the EPIC cohort1
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted2 dietary GI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | II | III | IV | V | |
| Participants, n | 68,116 | 68,116 | 68,116 | 68,116 | 68,115 |
| Dietary GI | 50.7 ± 2.14 | 54.0 ± 0.57 | 55.8 ± 0.49 | 57.6 ± 0.59 | 60.8 ± 1.81 |
| Dietary GL | 113.7 ± 22.7 | 124.0 ± 20.5 | 129.9 ± 20.9 | 135.7 ± 21.5 | 146.6 ± 26.0 |
| Protein, g/d | 87.5 ± 29.0 | 86.3 ± 27.5 | 85.4 ± 27.1 | 84.6 ± 26.9 | 84.6 ± 28.4 |
| Saturated fat, g/d | 31.9 ± 13.9 | 32.0 ± 12.9 | 31.5 ± 12.6 | 30.8 ± 12.4 | 29.0 ± 12.2 |
| Monounsaturated fat, g/d | 32.9 ± 16.8 | 32.0 ± 14.7 | 31.3 ± 13.9 | 30.7 ± 13.2 | 30.1 ± 12.9 |
| Polyunsaturated fat, g/d | 13.1 ± 6.6 | 13.5 ± 6.3 | 13.5 ± 6.2 | 13.3 ± 6.1 | 13.1 ± 6.2 |
| Carbohydrate, g/d | 222.1 ± 77.4 | 230.7 ± 73.0 | 233.0 ± 72.9 | 234.1 ± 73.8 | 239.2 ± 79.2 |
| Starch, g/d | 98.0 ± 40.8 | 115.3 ± 42.5 | 123.5 ± 44.9 | 130.8 ± 48.0 | 148.3 ± 59.2 |
| Sugar, g/d | 118.4 ± 49.5 | 110.2 ± 43.0 | 104.9 ± 41.5 | 99.2 ± 41.1 | 88.4 ± 40.1 |
| Fiber, g/d | 23.2 ± 8.5 | 23.4 ± 7.9 | 23.2 ± 7.8 | 22.8 ± 7.7 | 22.4 ± 7.8 |
| Energy, kcal/d | 2093 ± 658 | 2118 ± 627 | 2110 ± 618 | 2095 ± 613 | 2090 ± 633 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 13.8 ± 19.6 | 13.2 ± 17.3 | 12.9 ± 17.3 | 12.6 ± 17.5 | 12.4 ± 18.4 |
| Age, y | 50.4 ± 10.1 | 50.6 ± 10.5 | 50.5 ± 10.8 | 50.4 ± 10.9 | 50.1.3 ± 9.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.0 ± 19.5 | 131.0 ± 19.5 | 131.5 ± 19.8 | 131.5 ± 20.0 | 130.9 ± 19.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 81.0 ± 10.6 | 81.2 ± 10.7 | 81.2 ± 10.8 | 81.1 ± 10.9 | 81.0 ± 10.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 ± 4.35 | 25.8 ± 4.25 | 25.7 ± 4.20 | 25.7 ± 4.22 | 25.9 ± 4.29 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male (%) | 27.3 | 32.6 | 36.3 | 39.3 | 45.3 |
| Physical activity, % | |||||
| Inactive | 20.0 | 19.4 | 20.4 | 21.5 | 25.0 |
| Moderately inactive | 33.9 | 34.1 | 33.3 | 32.9 | 31.4 |
| Moderately active | 23.6 | 24.0 | 23.9 | 23.2 | 21.5 |
| Active | 21.9 | 21.8 | 21.2 | 20.6 | 18.8 |
| Education, % | |||||
| No schooling | 5.3 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 7.5 |
| Primary | 26.6 | 25.6 | 26.3 | 28.7 | 32.8 |
| Technical/professional | 25.4 | 25.1 | 24.8 | 24.1 | 23.2 |
| Secondary | 14.8 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 16.2 |
| Longer education | 26.2 | 27.0 | 25.7 | 23.2 | 18.2 |
| Current smoker, % | 23.5 | 22.1 | 23.1 | 25.3 | 30.6 |
| Never smoker, % | 48.7 | 50.0 | 46.2 | 47.2 | 43.1 |
| History of high blood pressure, % | 32.0 | 33.1 | 33.1 | 33.6 | 33.2 |
1
Values are means ± SDs, except where indicated. EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load.
2
Energy adjustment by residual method.