TABLE 3.
HRs and 95% CIs for quintiles of intake of whole grains and CRC by lag time (<5 y, 5 to ≤10 y, >10 y)1
| Whole grains | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRC | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-trend2 |
| Cases/person-years | 2417/1,265,611 | 2111/1,293,497 | 2009/1,297,815 | 1882/1,304,936 | 1781/1,302,670 | |
| Overall3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | 0.001 |
| Cases/person-years | 896/459,960 | 759/461,459 | 757/461,876 | 659/462,521 | 642/462,279 | |
| <5 y3 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.018 |
| Cases/person-years | 860/410,205 | 723/418,565 | 687/419,462 | 645/421,857 | 643/420,974 | |
| ≥5 to ≤10 y3 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.055 |
| Cases/person-years | 661/395,446 | 629/413,475 | 565/416,477 | 578/420,557 | 496/419,416 | |
| >10 y3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.118 |
n = 478,994. CRC, colorectal cancer.
P-trend < 0.05. All statistical tests were 2-sided.
Estimated using a Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age (years, continuous), BMI (in kg/m2) (<18.5; 18.5 to <25; 25 to <30; ≥30; missing), alcohol intake (0 drinks/d; <1 drink/d; 1 to <2 drinks/d; 2 to <3 drinks/d; ≥3 drinks/d; missing), general health status (excellent; very good; good; fair; poor; unknown), first-degree relatives with colon cancer (yes; no; unknown), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white; non-Hispanic black; Hispanic; Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Native American; unknown), education (<12 y; 12 y or completed high school; post–high school training other than college; some college; college and postgraduate; unknown), sex, physical activity (never, rarely; <3 times/mo; 1–2, 3–4, or ≥5 times/wk; missing), smoking (never; ≤20 cigarettes/d in the past; >20 cigarettes/d in the past; ≤20 cigarettes/d currently; >20 cigarettes/d currently; missing), and intakes of red and processed meat (quintiles), dietary calcium (quintiles), folate (quintiles), and total energy (continuous).