TABLE 1.
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics by dietary diversity and diet quality quintiles in HIV-negative women in Tanzania1
| DDS2 | PDQS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | |
| Characteristics | n = 1550 | n = 1448 | n = 1732 | n = 1390 |
| Study characteristics | ||||
| Multivitamin regimen | ||||
| Placebo | 781 (50.4) | 698 (48.2) | 852 (49.3) | 664 (47.8) |
| Multivitamin | 769 (49.6) | 750 (51.8) | 878 (50.7) | 726 (52.2) |
| Gestational age at recruitment, wk | 21.5 ± 3.4 | 21.4 ± 3.4*** | 22.0 ± 3.3 | 20.6 ± 3.4*** |
| Maternal demographic characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age | ||||
| Mean ± SD, y | 24.7 ± 4.9 | 25.9 ± 5.1*** | 25.0 ± 5.0 | 25.8 ± 5.1*** |
| 15 to <25 y | 924 (59.9) | 721 (48.2)*** | 998 (57.9) | 690 (50.0)** |
| 25 to <35 y | 558 (36.2) | 667 (46.4)*** | 640 (37.1) | 616 (44.6)** |
| ≥35 y | 61 (4.0) | 79 (5.5)*** | 87 (5.0) | 74 (5.4)** |
| Education achievement | ||||
| Primary school or none | 1329 (86.0) | 942 (65.4)*** | 1391 (80.6) | 959 (69.4)*** |
| Secondary school | 183 (11.8) | 332 (23.1)*** | 267 (15.5) | 307 (22.3)*** |
| Tertiary education | 34 (2.2) | 166 (11.5)*** | 67 (3.9) | 115 (8.3)*** |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1063 (68.6) | 954 (65.9) | 1160 (67.0) | 942 (67.8) |
| Parity | ||||
| No children | 640 (41.4) | 695 (48.3)* | 772 (44.8) | 598 (43.3) |
| 1 child | 469 (30.3) | 381 (26.5)* | 501 (29.1) | 401 (29.0) |
| ≥2 children | 437 (28.3) | 363 (25.2)* | 451 (26.2) | 382 (27.7) |
| Wealth index, Filmer–Pritchett wealth score | ||||
| Above median | 880 (56.8) | 498 (34.4)*** | 837 (48.3) | 558 (40.1)*** |
| Food expenditure per person per day3 | ||||
| Low (<500 shillings) | 632 (40.8) | 483 (33.4)*** | 621 (35.9) | 527 (37.9) |
| Maternal health and nutrition characteristics | ||||
| BMI | ||||
| Mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 24.8 ± 4.0* | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 24.7 ± 4.0 |
| Underweight (BMI: <18.5) | 33 (2.4) | 21 (1.6)* | 26 (1.7) | 22 (1.8) |
| Normal weight (BMI: 18.5–24.99) | 826 (60.6) | 722 (56.2)* | 898 (60.2) | 702 (58.0) |
| Overweight (BMI: 25–29.99) | 380 (27.9) | 398 (31.0)* | 3431 (28.9) | 360 (29.8) |
| Obese (BMI: ≥30) | 124 (9.1) | 143 (11.1)* | 137 (9.2) | 126 (10.4) |
| Hemoglobin at baseline | ||||
| Mean ± SD, g/dL | 10.2 ± 1.6 | 10.3 ± 1.5* | 10.2 ± 1.5 | 10.4 ± 1.5* |
| Severe anemia (<8.5 g/dL) | 174 (13.1) | 124 (10.1)* | 186 (12.3) | 110 (9.3)* |
| Moderate anemia (8.5–10.9 g/dL) | 726 (54.8) | 673 (54.7)* | 849 (56.3) | 639 (53.8)* |
| Normal (≥11 g/dL) | 424 (32.0) | 34 (35.3)* | 472 (31.3) | 439 (37.0)* |
| Other characteristics | ||||
| Energy intake | ||||
| Median ( IQR), kcal | 2029 (1436-2722) | 2396 (1755-3019)*** | 2123 (1473-2831) | 2262 (1648-2875)** |
| Season of maternal dietary intake | ||||
| Dry (December–March) | 630 (40.7) | 577 (39.9) | 647 (27.4) | 619 (44.5)*** |
| Long rains (April–May) | 133 (8.6) | 120 (8.3) | 153 (8.8) | 88 (6.3)*** |
| Harvest (June–September) | 546 (35.2) | 507 (35.0) | 682 (39.4) | 435 (31.3)*** |
| Short rains (October–November) | 241 (15.6) | 244 (16.9) | 250 (14.4) | 248 (17.8)*** |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Female | 766 (49.4) | 712 (49.2) | 848 (49.0) | 691 (49.7) |
1
Values are n (%) for categorical variables and means ± SDs for continuous variables. Chi-square P values are reported for categorical/binary variables, and the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test values are reported for continuous variables. Significance levels reported compare all quintiles, *P < 0.05, **P<0.01, ***P < 0.001. DDS, Dietary Diversity Score; PDQS, Prime Diet Quality Score.
2
DDS for women is based on the mean of repeated 24-h dietary recalls. Quintiles were calculated.
3
Tanzanian shillings (US dollar = ∼1250 shillings at the time of the study).