TABLE 2.
Food groups consumed at all times by HIV-negative pregnant women in Tanzania by DDS quintiles1
| Food group2 | Food list | Overall | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3937 | n = 4250 | n = 4244 | n = 4162 | n = 3673 | |||
| Starchy staples | Traditional doughnut (mandazi), maize, bread, cassava, chapati, Irish potato, pilau, plantain, sweet potato, taro, ugali | 20,232 (99.9) | 3911 (99.6) | 4250 (100) | 4244 (100) | 4157 (99.9) | 3670 (99.9)*** |
| Beans and peas | Bambara nuts, beans, mung bean (choroko), chickpea (dengu), cowpea (kunde), pigeon peas (mbaazi), peas | 8224 (40.6) | 1176 (30.0) | 1663 (39.1) | 1747 (41.2) | 1851 (44.5) | 1787 (48.6)*** |
| Nuts and seeds | Groundnuts | 103 (0.5) | 3 (0.1) | 7 (0.2) | 11 (0.3) | 26 (0.6) | 56 (1.5)*** |
| Dairy | Cow milk | 1240 (6.1) | 40 (1.0) | 118 (2.8) | 183 (4.3) | 324 (7.7) | 575 (15.7)*** |
| Flesh foods (meats) | Beef, chicken, fish, goat, liver, pork | 11734 (57.9) | 1721 (43.8) | 2231 (52.5) | 2450 (57.7) | 27147 (66.0) | 2585 (70.4)*** |
| Eggs | Eggs | 943 (4.7) | 49 (1.3) | 91 (2.1) | 169 (4.0) | 213 (5.1) | 421 (11.5)*** |
| Vitamin A–rich dark green vegetables | Cassava leaves (kisamvu), cowpea leaves (kunde leaves), pumpkin leaves, spinach, sweet potato leaves | 8800 (43.4) | 996 (25.4) | 1541 (36.3) | 2033 (47.9) | 2035 (48.9) | 2195 (59.8) *** |
| Other vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables | Peppers (fresh hoho), mango, papaya, pumpkin, passion fruit, passion fruit juice | 2806 (13.9) | 83 (2.1) | 216 (5.1) | 451 (10.6) | 777 (18.7) | 1279 (34.8)*** |
| Other vegetables | Bitter tomato, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, eggplant, hare lettuce (mchunga), okra, tomato, green maize | 1672 (8.3) | 100 (2.6) | 235 (5.5) | 344 (8.1) | 388 (9.3) | 605 (16.5)*** |
| Other fruits | Avocado, baobab, cucumber, guava jackfruit, lemon, lime, orange, peach, pineapple, plum, banana, tangerine, watermelon, other fruit juices | 5040 (24.9) | 182 (4.6) | 581 (13.7) | 916 (21.6) | 1343 (32.3) | 2018 (54.9)*** |
| DDS3 | Median, IQR | 3.0 (2.5-3.5) | 2.0 (2.0–2.3) | 2.5 (2.5–2.7) | 3.0(3.0–3.0) | 3.5(3.3–3.5) | 4.0(4.0–4.5) *** |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise noted. n = total number of times that consumption of a food group is reported by study women in all study visits. Significance is based on Fisher's exact test and Wald t statistics for continuous variables. Chi-square P values are reported for categorical/binary variables. Significance tests compare all quintiles within a food group, *P < 0.05, **P< 0.01, ***P < 0.001. DDS, Dietary Diversity Score.
African doughnuts are categorized under starchy staples; maize and kidney bean dishes are categorized under starchy staples and beans and peas respectively, and banana with meat and coconut milk, as well as rice and meat pillau are categorized under the starchy staples and meats groups. Passion fruit is categorized under other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables.
Dietary diversity for women based on multiple 24-h dietary recalls.