| Age and gender |
|
|
| Aging |
↑ |
[2, 20, 21, 22] |
| Male |
↑ |
[23, 24, 25] |
|
| Arteriosclerotic diseases |
|
|
| Coronary artery disease |
↑ |
[17, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32] |
| Cerebral infarction |
↑ |
[33, 34] |
| Chronic kidney disease |
↑ |
[35, 36, 37, 38] |
| Thickening of carotid intima-media thickness |
↑ |
[20, 30, 39, 40, 41] |
|
| Coronary risk factors |
|
|
| Hypertension |
↑ |
[20, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44] |
| Diabetes mellitus |
↑ |
[21, 32, 40, 54] |
| Diabetic retinopathy |
↑ |
[55] |
| Diabetic neuropathy |
↑ |
[56] |
| Diabetic nephropathy |
↑ |
[29, 32, 39] |
| Postprandial hyperglycemia and high glycemic variability |
↑ |
[57, 58, 59] |
| Dyslipidemia |
↑ |
[66, 67] |
| Primary hypercholesterolemia |
→ |
[66, 68, 69] |
| Uric acid |
↑ |
[73, 74, 75, 76] |
| Only in females |
↑ |
[77] |
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
↑ |
[113] |
| Sleep apnea syndrome |
↑ |
[78, 79] |
| Smoking |
↑ |
[20, 81, 82] |
|
| Obesity and leanness |
|
|
| Metabolic syndrome |
↑ or → |
[32, 84, 86, 87] |
| Obesity |
↓ |
[83, 84] |
| Leanness |
↑ |
[85] |
| Sarcopenia |
↑ |
[89, 90, 91] |
|
| Cognitive decline |
↑ |
[92, 93] |
|
| Autonomic nervous system |
|
|
| Mental stress |
↑ |
[94, 95, 97] |
| Sleep disturbance |
↑ |
[96] |
| Septicshock |
↓ |
[98] |
|
| Endocrine system |
|
|
| Hypothyroidism |
↑ |
[114] |
| Hypogonadism |
↑ |
[115] |
|
| Collagen diseases |
|
|
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
↑ |
[99] |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
↑ |
[100] |
|
| Psoriasis |
↑ |
[116] |
|
| Tooth loss |
↑ |
[117] |
