Table 3. Effects of Various Treatments and Behavior Modifications on CAVI.

Treatments and behavior modifications	CAVI value	Main References
Body weight reduction
Calorie restriction (metabolic syndrome)	↓	Satoh N. Hypertens Res 2008 84)
Calorie restriction (obesity with diabetes)	↓	Nagayama D. Obes Res Clin Pract 2011 88)
Bariatric Surgery	→	Streese L. Obes Surg 2019 126)
Glucose control
Rapid-acting insulin analog	↓	Ohira M. Metabolism 2011 58)
	↓	Akahori H. Diabetolo Int 2014 59)
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors	↓ or →	Shigiyama F. J Diabetes Investig 2016 63)
Sulfonylurea	↓ or →	Nagayama D. Int J Clin Pract 2010 64)
Pioglitazone	↓	Ohira M. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014 62)
α-glucosidase inhibitor	↓	Uzui H. J Diabetes Investig 2011 61)
Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors	↓	Bekki M. Current Vascular Pharmacology 2018 65)
Blood pressure control
Ca blocker (L-type calcium channel blocker)	→	Sasaki H. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009 50)
	→	Miyashita Y. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009 45)
	→	Shibata T. Intern Med 2015 51)
	→	Bokuda K. Hypertens Res 2018 52)
Ca blocker (T-type calcium channel blocker)	↓	Sasaki H. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009 50)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors	↓	Bokuda K. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010 46)
	↓	Miyashita Y. J Atheroscler Tromb 2009 45)
	↓	Ogihara T. Exert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008 47)
	↓	Miyoshi T. Clin Med Res 2017 48)
	↓	Kiuchi S. Clin Pharmacol 2015 49)
Mineralocorticoid receptor blocker	↓	Shibata T. Intern Med 2015 51)
Direct renin inhibitor	↓	Miyoshi T. Open Heart 2017 53)
	↓	Bokuda K. Hypertens Res 2018 52)
Lipid control
Statins	↓	Miyashita Y. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009 70)
Eicosapentaenoic acid	↓	Satoh N. Hypertens Res 2009 71)
Fibrates	↓	Yamaguchi T. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018 72)
Nitroglycerin	↓	Shimizu K. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2016 120)
	↓	Shimizu K. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017 121)
Sarpogrelate hydrochloride	↓	Nagayama D. Int Heart J 2014 122)
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits	↓	Shiba T. Ophthalmologica 2016 123)
Chemotherapy	↑	Shimizu N. J Clin Med Res 2017 124)
Antiaging Supplements
Resveratrol	↓	Imamura H. Int Heart J 2017 24)
S-equol	↓	Usui T. Clin Endocrinol 2013 25)
Smoking cessation	↓	Noike H. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010 81)
Small amount of alcohol	↓	Nishiwaki M. Physiol Rep 2017 127)
Exercise	↓	Alonso-Domínguez R. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019 125)
Continuous positive airway pressure	↓	Kasai T. Am J Hypertens 2011 80)