Table 4. Summary on Association of CAVI with Cardiovascular Outcomes in Prospective Studies.

Author	Country	Subjects	Mean Age	Baseline CAVI	Duration of Follow-up	CV Outcomes	Incidence (%) (1,000 person-years)	Prognostic Value	Cut-off Value	NRI
Kubota et al. 2011 8)	Japan	400 patients with metabolic disorders or past history of CAD	63.2–73.9	Not described	27.2 months	Coronary artery disease, stroke and death	54.0	Hazard ratio of CVD was significantly higher in CAVI ≥ 10.0 group (HR 2.25).	9.0	Not described
Kato et al. 2012 9)	Japan	135 hemodialysis patients	60	9.7	63 months	Primary outcome: All-cause and CV mortalities. Secondary outcome: Fatal and non-fatal CV events.	52.2	Not significant.	Not described	Not described
Otsuka et al. 2014 10)	Japan	211 CAD patients	65	9.87–10.05	2.9 years	Cardiac death, non-fatal MI, unstable angina pectoris, recurrent angina pectoris requiring coronary revascularization or stroke.	45.8	Persistently impaired CAVI was a significant independent predictor of CV events compared with improved CAVI at 6 months (HR 3.3).	Not described	Not described
Laucevičius et al. 2015 18)	Lithuania	2,106 metabolic syndrome patients	53.83	7.92	3.8 years	MI, stroke or transient ischemic attack, and sudden cardiac death.	11.6	CAVI was significantly associated with the occurrence of total CV events (p = 0.045) and MI (p = 0.027).	7.95	Not described
Satoh-Asahara et al. 2015 11)	Japan	425 obese patients	51.5	7.6	5 years	Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke and arteriosclerosis obliterans.	15.8	CAVI was a significant predictor of CV events (HR 1.44 per 1 unit increase).	Not described	0.164 (p = 0.066)
Sato et al. 2015 12)	Japan	1,003 subjects with CV risk factor	62.5	9.25	6.7 years	Myocardial infarction and stable/unstable angina pectoris.	13.4	CAVI was independently associated with future CV event risk (HR 1.126 per 1 unit increase).	Not described	Not described
Chung et al. 2015 17)	Taiwan	626 patients with type 2 diabetes	64	8.8	4.1 years	Death, ACS, ischemic stroke and any coronary revascularization for coronary artery disease.	38.2	Patients with CAVI ≥ 9.0 had greater CV events than those with CAVI < 9.0 (OR 1.23).	9.0	Not described
Gohbara et al. 2016 13)	Japan	288 patients with ACS	58–71	Not described	1.25 years	CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal ischemic stroke.	52.8	Patients with CAVI > 8.325 was an independent predictor of CV events (HR 18.0) and nonfatal ischemic stroke (HR 9.37).	8.325	Not described
Kusunose et al. 2016 14)	Japan	114 patients with at least 2 CV risk factors	69	8.5	4.25 years	Cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction/coronary revascularization, acute pulmonary edema and stroke.	72.2	CAVI was not a significant predictor of CV events. CAVI was associated with a 5% per year decline in kidney function (HR: 1.52 per 1 SD increase).	9.2	Not described
Hitsumoto et al. 2018 15)	Japan	460 patients with chronic kidney disease	74	9.7	60.1 months	Cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke and hospital admission for heart failure.	39.5	A MACE was significantly higher in group CAVI > 10 than in non-group CAVI < 10 (HR 2.04).	9.7	Not described
Kirigaya et al. 2019 16)	Japan	387 patients with ACS	64	8.4–9.0	62 months	CV death, recurrence of ACS, heart failure requiring hospitalization, or stroke.	31.0	CAVI was an independent predictor of MACE (HR 1.496) and cardiovascular death (HR 2.204), but ba PWV was not. The addition of CAVI to GRACE score enhanced NRI (0.337).	8.35	0.337 (p = 0.034)

CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; CV, cardiovascular; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NRI, net reclassification improvement; MI, myocardial infarction; HR, hazard ratio; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; GRACE, global registry for acute coronary events