Table 2.

Positive para-clinic findings in favor of CNS involvement in COVID-19

Para-clinic modality	Stroke	Multiple sclerosis	Guillain-Barre syndrome	Seizure and encephalopathy	Brainstem involvement	Reference
CT	MCA thrombosis and regional infarct					[68]
MRI			Cranial and cervical root enhancement
CT CT angiography CT perfusion MRI MRA/MRV	Large vessel or lacunar infarcts, hypoxic ischemia, and hemorrhagic stroke					[65]
CT	Hypoattenuation and impaired gray-white matter differentiation at MCA and ACA territories with consequent brain edema and mass effect					[66]
CT angiography	ICA stenosis
MRI		Optic nerve enhancement Supratentorial periventricular demyelinating lesions in occipital and temporal lobes				[41]
MRI			Optic nerve enhancement			[69]
MRI			Facial and caudal nerve root enhancement			[70]
Nerve conduction			Axonal and demyelinating patterns
MRI			Enlargement, enhancement, and T2 hyperintense signal in cranial nerve III			[71]
MRI				Multifocal involvement of cortex and white matter, hyperintense areas in T2-weighted, and FLAIR images in temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes and hippocampus		[72]
MRI				Confluent periventricular lesions of white matter		[73]
MRI				Cortical, subcortical, and deep white matter abnormalities in FLAIR images along with abnormalities in frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, insular cortex, and cingulate gyrus		[5]
MRI					T2-FLAIR signal abnormalities in bilateral pons	[74]