Fig. 1.

Risk-adjusted rates of 30-day readmissions and emergency department visits after hospital discharge, by homeless status and site of care. HSH, homeless-serving hospitals. Panel a shows a 30-day risk-adjusted readmission rate estimated using marginal standardization (also known as predictive margins or margins of responses) for each group. Panel b shows a 30-day risk-adjusted ED visit rate estimated by marginal standardization. Logistic regression with standard errors clustered at hospital level was applied with adjustment for the primary diagnosis for the admission, age, sex, race/ethnicity, expected primary payers, comorbidity dummies, state dummies, and quarter dummies (Model 1). Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals. Considering multiple comparisons, the 30-day readmission rate or 30-day ED visit rate after hospital discharge was significantly different in each of the five pairs except the pair of non-homeless at HSH vs. non-homeless at non-HSH.