Table 2.
Characteristics Associated with Opioid Overprescribing Between Types of Provider Within the Same State, Estimated from Conditional Logistic Regression Models
| High frequency | High dose | Long term | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Type of provider | ||||||
| Primary care MD | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Primary care NP | 2.96 | 2.78–3.15 | 1.66 | 1.52–1.80 | 0.57 | 0.53–0.61 |
| Primary care PA | 5.73 | 5.35–6.13 | 2.16 | 1.97–2.38 | 0.71 | 0.65–0.77 |
| Patient characteristics (every 10% increase), all provider types | ||||||
| % Age older than 80 | 1.37 | 1.34–1.40 | 1.27 | 1.23–1.31 | 1.27 | 1.24–1.31 |
| % Female | 1.10 | 1.08–1.13 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 1.08 | 1.06–1.10 |
| % Minority | 0.92 | 0.90–0.93 | 0.91 | 0.89–0.93 | 0.94 | 0.93–0.96 |
| % Original entitlement as disabled | 1.81 | 1.77–1.86 | 2.20 | 2.14–2.27 | 2.16 | 2.11–2.21 |
| % Medicaid eligible | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.78 | 0.76–0.80 | 0.90 | 0.89–0.92 |
| % HMO enrollee | 0.96 | 0.94–0.97 | 0.92 | 0.91–0.94 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.97 |
| Rurality (1-unit increase) | 0.88 | 0.86–0.90 | 0.85 | 0.83–0.88 | 1.05 | 1.04–1.07 |
| PCP available per 10,000 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | 0.98 | 0.97–0.98 |
MD, medical doctor; NP, nurse practitioner; PA, physician assistant; HMO, health maintenance organization; PCP, primary care physician